Ταῦτα δίδασκε καὶ παρακάλει. εἴ τις ἑτεροδιδασκαλεῖ καὶ μὴ προσέρχεται ὑγιαίνουσι λόγοις τοῖς τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ καὶ τῇ κατ’ εὐσέβειαν διδασκαλίᾳ, τετύφωται, μηδὲν ἐπιστάμενος, ἀλλὰ νοσῶν περὶ ζητήσεις καὶ λογομαχίας, ἐξ ὧν γίνεται φθόνος, ἔρις, βλασφημίαι, ὑπόνοιαι πονηραί, (1 Timothy 6:2–4)
These things teach and encourage. If anyone teaches differently and does not come to the sound words of our Lord Jesus Christ and to the teaching that accords with godliness, he is conceited, understanding nothing, but is diseased concerning controversies and word battles, from which come envy, strife, blasphemies, and evil suspicions.
The Command to Teach and Encourage
The verse begins with two imperatives: δίδασκε (“teach”) and παρακάλει (“encourage” or “exhort”). These form the pastoral core of the apostolic ministry. The present tense aspect suggests ongoing action—continuous teaching and encouragement, not sporadic instruction. The demonstrative pronoun Ταῦτα (“these things”) looks back to the preceding ethical instructions and forward to what follows, encapsulating Paul’s pattern of doctrinal and moral integrity. The tone is one of both authority and compassion: instruction joined with pastoral appeal. The syntax shows that theology must always breathe through exhortation; doctrine and encouragement are not opposites but partners in forming godly character.
Sound Words and the Health of Faith
Paul’s contrast emerges in the conditional clause εἴ τις ἑτεροδιδασκαλεῖ (“if anyone teaches differently”). The compound verb blends ἕτερος (“different, other”) and διδασκαλέω (“to teach”), warning against deviation rather than ignorance. The participial phrase μὴ προσέρχεται ὑγιαίνουσι λόγοις describes the failure to “come toward” or “adhere to” sound words. The adjective ὑγιαίνουσι (“healthy, sound”) borrows medical imagery, presenting truth as nourishment for the soul. The genitive τοῖς τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ identifies the words’ source – Christ Himself. To reject these “healthy words” is to resist the very pulse of spiritual vitality. Grammar becomes diagnosis: apostolic teaching is healthy speech, heresy is disease.
The Pathology of Pride
The participle τετύφωται (“he has been puffed up”) exposes the root infection. Derived from τυφόω (“to be blinded by pride, to be inflated”), it portrays the false teacher as one swollen with his own wind. The perfect tense shows a settled state, an ongoing blindness, not a temporary lapse. The next phrase, μηδὲν ἐπιστάμενος (“understanding nothing”), intensifies the irony: pride masquerades as knowledge but conceals ignorance. The clause ἀλλὰ νοσῶν (“but being diseased”) completes the medical metaphor. The false teacher’s mind is sick, obsessed with ζητήσεις (“controversies”) and λογομαχίας (“word battles”). Paul’s vocabulary shifts from the clinic to the battlefield, showing that theological arrogance both infects and divides. From this illness, Paul says, “come envy, strife, blasphemies, and evil suspicions.” The morphology of sin follows the grammar of pride.
Lexical and Morphological Insights
Greek Term | Root | Form | Meaning | Theological Note |
---|---|---|---|---|
ἑτεροδιδασκαλεῖ | ἑτεροδιδασκαλέω | Present active indicative 3rd singular | To teach a different doctrine | Deviation from apostolic tradition; innovation as error. |
ὑγιαίνουσι | ὑγιαίνω | Present active participle dative plural | Being healthy, sound | Truth as spiritual health; doctrine as medicine for the soul. |
τετύφωται | τυφόω | Perfect passive indicative 3rd singular | He has been puffed up, blinded | Describes the settled pride of the deceived teacher. |
νοσῶν | νοσέω | Present active participle nominative masculine singular | Being diseased | Continued mental corruption; spiritual infection of controversy. |
When Knowledge Becomes a Fever
Paul’s language is not merely metaphorical, it is diagnostic. Theological arrogance is presented as a fever that consumes the intellect and poisons the community. To “teach differently” is not to possess new insight but to abandon spiritual health. The contrast between sound words and diseased reasoning challenges every age of the church. When faith becomes an argument and doctrine becomes a contest, the symptoms Paul lists – envy, strife, slander, suspicion – inevitably emerge. True teaching, in contrast, humbles the mind, strengthens the body of Christ, and restores the peace of soundness. The apostle’s grammar, precise and passionate, still calls us to a discipline of spiritual hygiene: to guard our speech, our thought, and our heart from the contagion of pride disguised as learning.