1700 Years Later: What the Nicene Creed Got Wrong? A Look Through Arian and Eunomian Eyes

Posted on June 19, 2025 by Biblical Greek

Exactly seventeen centuries have passed since the First Council of Nicaea convened on May 20, A.D. 325 — a gathering that, by June 19, promulgated the Nicene Creed, a defining statement of Christian orthodoxy that proclaimed the Son of God to be “true God from true God” and homoousios (of one essence) with the Father. But what if we examine that landmark creed through the eyes of its earliest and most formidable critics? In the wake of Nicaea, two theologians in particular – Arius of Alexandria and, a generation later, Eunomius of Cyzicus – stood in staunch opposition to the Nicene formula.… Learn Koine Greek

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When Minds Are Opened: The Divine Key to the Scriptures

Posted on May 4, 2024 by Exegesis & Hermeneutics
Τότε διήνοιξεν αὐτῶν τὸν νοῦν τοῦ συνιέναι τὰς γραφάς, (Luke 24:45)

Then he opened their mind to understand the Scriptures,

Exegetical Analysis

The sentence begins with the adverb τότε (“then”), marking a critical turning point in the narrative after the risen Jesus has appeared to the disciples. The aorist verb διήνοιξεν (from διανοίγω) means “He opened thoroughly” or “He unlocked.” It governs the direct object τὸν νοῦν (“the mind”) — specifically their mind (αὐτῶν), pointing to a shared internal transformation. The phrase τοῦ συνιέναι is an articular infinitive of purpose in the genitive, showing the aim of the opening: in order to understand.… Learn Koine Greek

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Hearing, Seeing, Setting: The Imperative Symphony of Ezekiel 44:5

Posted on May 4, 2018 by Biblical Greek
Καὶ εἶπεν Κύριος πρός με υἱὲ ἀνθρώπου τάξον εἰς τὴν καρδίαν σου καὶ ἰδὲ τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς σου καὶ τοῖς ὠσίν σου ἄκουε πάντα ὅσα ἐγὼ λαλῶ μετὰ σοῦ κατὰ πάντα τὰ προστάγματα οἴκου Κυρίου καὶ κατὰ πάντα τὰ νόμιμα αὐτοῦ καὶ τάξεις τὴν καρδίαν σου εἰς τὴν εἴσοδον τοῦ οἴκου κατὰ πάσας τὰς ἐξόδους αὐτοῦ ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς ἁγίοις (Ezekiel 44:5 LXX) A Verse of Triple Command

In this verse, the prophet is addressed with a striking triad of imperatives: τάξον (“set”), ἰδὲ (“see”), and ἄκουε (“listen”). These are not merely random commands; they form a deliberate rhetorical and grammatical pattern.… Learn Koine Greek

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Cutting the Word Straight: The Exegete Before God

Posted on February 28, 2015 by Exegesis & Hermeneutics
Σπούδασον σεαυτὸν δόκιμον παραστῆσαι τῷ Θεῷ, ἐργάτην ἀνεπαίσχυντον, ὀρθοτομοῦντα τὸν λόγον τῆς ἀληθείας. (2 Timothy 2:15)

Be diligent to present yourself approved to God, a worker without shame, rightly handling the word of truth.

Exegetical Analysis

The verse begins with the imperative σπούδασον, a second person aorist active imperative of σπουδάζω, meaning “make every effort” or “be zealous.” This imperative evokes an urgency and intentionality in the command. It is not casual advice but a charged directive to exert one’s full diligence. The object σεαυτὸν (“yourself”) places responsibility squarely on the reader—here, Timothy—to take personal ownership of preparation. The following infinitival clause, δόκιμον παραστῆσαι τῷ Θεῷ, reveals the purpose: to “present yourself approved to God.”… Learn Koine Greek

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Vindicated at the Table: How Speech Condemns and Grammar Acquits

Posted on November 19, 2025 by Exegesis & Hermeneutics
ἦλθεν ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐσθίων καὶ πίνων, καὶ λέγουσιν· ἰδοὺ ἄνθρωπος φάγος καὶ οἰνοπότης, τελωνῶν φίλος καὶ ἁμαρτωλῶν. καὶ ἐδικαιώθη ἡ σοφία ἀπὸ τῶν τέκνων αὐτῆς (Matthew 11:19)

Came the Son of Man eating and drinking, and they say, behold a man a glutton and a wine-drinker, a friend of tax collectors and of sinners; and wisdom was justified by her children.

A Sentence Split by Voices: Arrival, Accusation, and Acquittal

The verse unfolds as a triadic structure that moves from action to accusation to vindication, and this progression is embedded in the sequencing of clauses rather than announced through commentary.… Learn Koine Greek

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Carried, Not Carrying: The Grammar That Topples Boasting

Posted on November 18, 2025 by Exegesis & Hermeneutics
Μὴ κατακαυχῶ τῶν κλάδων· εἰ δὲ κατακαυχᾶσαι, οὐ σὺ τὴν ῥίζαν βαστάζεις, ἀλλὰ ἡ ῥίζα σέ. (Romans 11:18)

Do not boast over the branches; but if you do boast, it is not you who carry the root, but the root carries you.

The Architecture of Prohibition and Reversal: How Imperative and Indicative Collide

The verse is structured around a sharp syntactic progression that begins with prohibition and culminates in reversal, and this movement is encoded through the deliberate sequencing of mood and clause type. The opening negative imperative μὴ κατακαυχῶ establishes an immediate boundary of behavior, using the present imperative with μή to forbid an ongoing or habitual action rather than a single occurrence.… Learn Koine Greek

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Spliced into Abundance: The Grammar of Displacement and Participation in ἐνεκεντρίσθης

Posted on November 17, 2025 by Exegesis & Hermeneutics
Εἰ δέ τινες τῶν κλάδων ἐξεκλάσθησαν, σὺ δὲ ἀγριέλαιος ὢν ἐνεκεντρίσθης ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ συγκοινωνὸς τῆς ῥίζης καὶ τῆς πιότητος τῆς ἐλαίας ἐγένου, (Romans 11:17)

If indeed some of the branches were broken off, but you, being a wild olive, were grafted in among them and became a co-sharer of the root and of the richness of the olive tree,

A Conditional World Reassembled: How Syntax Reorders Belonging

The verse is governed by a first-class conditional structure introduced by Εἰ, a construction that does not speculate hypothetically but assumes the reality of what it states, thereby compelling the reader to reason from an accepted premise.… Learn Koine Greek

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When the Heart Expands Toward Ruin: The Grammar of Self-Watchfulness

Posted on November 16, 2025 by Biblical Greek
Πρόσεχε σεαυτῷ μὴ πλατυνθῇ ἡ καρδία σου καὶ παραβῆτε καὶ λατρεύσητε θεοῖς ἑτέροις καὶ προσκυνήσητε αὐτοῖς (Deuteronomy 11:16 LXX)

Pay attention to yourself, lest your heart be enlarged, and you transgress and serve other gods and bow down to them.

Grammatical Insight

This verse from Deuteronomy 11:16 is syntactically compact yet theologically charged, with grammar functioning as moral warning. The opening verb πρόσεχε is a present active imperative, second person singular, demanding sustained attentiveness rather than a momentary glance. The reflexive dative σεαυτῷ intensifies responsibility, turning vigilance inward and making the subject both watcher and watched. The particle μὴ introduces a clause of apprehension, preparing the reader for a feared outcome rather than a neutral condition.… Learn Koine Greek

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Living, Begetting, Dying: The Grammar of Time and Continuity

Posted on November 15, 2025 by Biblical Greek
Καὶ ἔζησεν Σαλα μετὰ τὸ γεννῆσαι αὐτὸν τὸν Εβερ τριακόσια τριάκοντα ἔτη καὶ ἐγέννησεν υἱοὺς καὶ θυγατέρας καὶ ἀπέθανεν (Genesis 11:15 LXX)

And Sala lived after he begot Eber three hundred thirty years, and he begot sons and daughters, and he died.

Grammatical Insight

This verse from Genesis 11:15 in the Septuagint exemplifies the stark simplicity of genealogical Greek, where syntax carries the weight of sacred history. The verb ἔζησεν (aorist active indicative of ζάω) opens the verse with a completed life-event, framing existence as a bounded whole. The temporal construction μετὰ τὸ γεννῆσαι employs μετά with an articular infinitive, a distinctly Greek way of marking time “after the act of begetting.”… Learn Koine Greek

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When Nature Becomes a Teacher: The Logic of διδάσκει and the Shame of ἀτιμία

Posted on November 14, 2025 by Exegesis & Hermeneutics
ἢ οὐδὲ αὐτὴ ἡ φύσις διδάσκει ὑμᾶς ὅτι ἀνὴρ μὲν ἐὰν κομᾷ, ἀτιμία αὐτῷ ἐστι, (1 Corinthians 11:14)

Or does not even nature itself teach you that if a man wears long hair, dishonor it is to him,

The Interrogative Architecture of Implicit Proof: How the Sentence Argues Without Arguing

The verse begins with the interrogative particle ἢ, a marker that continues an argumentative sequence through a rhetorical question rather than an independent claim, thereby pushing the reader into a logical corner by forcing reconsideration of what should already be known. The phrase οὐδὲ αὐτὴ ἡ φύσις establishes the subject of instruction by fronting both the negator and the intensive pronoun αὐτή, emphasizing that the teaching in question comes from nature itself and not from custom or apostolic decree.… Learn Koine Greek

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When the Prophets Reach Their Horizon: A Declension Journey Through Matthew 11:13

Posted on November 13, 2025 by New Testament Greek

The crowd stirs as Jesus speaks, dust flickering in the sunlit air. His words gather the entire prophetic tradition into a single grammatical arc – nouns bending toward a moment where history tightens like a bowstring.

Πάντες γὰρ οἱ προφῆται καὶ ὁ νόμος ἕως Ἰωάννου ἐπροφήτευσαν·

For all the prophets and the Law prophesied until John.

οἱ προφῆται … πάντες ὁ νόμος Ἰωάννου

Green (#2a9d8f) marks chains of article–noun agreement or proper-name declension that establish the grammatical horizon of prophetic activity.

The Story the Endings Tell Morphology Spotlight

1. πάντες — NOM.PL.M of πᾶς (“all”) Case Masc Fem Neut Nom πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα Gen πάντων πασῶν πάντων Dat πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν) Acc πάντας πάσας πάντα

This masculine nominative plural signals a collective: a united prophetic chorus, each voice bearing witness through its shared ending.… Learn Koine Greek

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When Eggs Become Scorpions: Conditional Speech and the Living Texture of Koine

Posted on November 12, 2025 by Classical Greek
ἢ καὶ ἐὰν αἰτήσει ᾠόν, μὴ ἐπιδώσει αὐτῷ σκορπίον; (Luke 11:12)

Or if he asks for an egg, will he give him a scorpion?”

Some verses whisper grammar; others shout it. Luke 11:12 stages a tiny household drama: a child’s request, a parent’s response, an egg, a scorpion, and a question that expects a shocked “Of course not!” from the hearer. Through this vivid image, Koine Greek shows you how real people framed conditions, requests, and rhetorical questions in everyday speech. This is not grammar in a museum; it is grammar in a kitchen.

In this lesson, we will treat ἢ καὶ ἐὰν αἰτήσει ᾠόν, μὴ ἐπιδώσει αὐτῷ σκορπίον; as a living sentence you can reuse.… Learn Koine Greek

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When Greatness Turns Inside Out: The Grammar of Reversal in μείζων and μικρότερος

Posted on November 11, 2025 by Exegesis & Hermeneutics
Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν, οὐκ ἐγήγερται ἐν γεννητοῖς γυναικῶν μείζων Ἰωάννου τοῦ βαπτιστοῦ· ὁ δὲ μικρότερος ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τῶν οὐρανῶν μείζων αὐτοῦ ἐστιν. (Matthew 11:11)

Truly I say to you, not has arisen among those born of women one greater than John the baptist; yet the least in the kingdom of the heavens is greater than he is.

The Two-Panel Structure of Contrast: How Syntax Creates a Measure of Greatness

The structural power of the verse lies in its bipartite arrangement, which presents greatness through two contrasting lenses, each framed by distinct grammatical signals. The introductory formula ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν functions as a solemnizing device, marking the statement that follows as authoritative and establishing the discourse frame through which the entire claim must be interpreted.… Learn Koine Greek

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When Repetition Becomes Revelation: The Gravity of ἐπὶ τρίς and the Ascent of ἅπαντα

Posted on November 10, 2025 by Exegesis & Hermeneutics
Τοῦτο δὲ ἐγένετο ἐπὶ τρίς, καὶ πάλιν ἀνεσπάσθη ἅπαντα εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν. (Acts 11:10)

This happened three times, and again everything was pulled up into the heaven.

The Rhythmic Architecture of Revelation: How Repetition and Ascent Shape Narrative Logic

The structure of the verse is built around a bipartite sequence, and this sequence generates meaning through the interplay between repetition and upward motion, each expressed through compact syntactic units that form a narrative rhythm. The demonstrative pronoun τοῦτο opens the verse with an anaphoric reference that assumes prior narrative context, and its initial position foregrounds the event rather than the actors involved.… Learn Koine Greek

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