Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ Λόγος, καὶ ὁ Λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν Θεόν, καὶ Θεὸς ἦν ὁ Λόγος. (John 1:1)
Transliteration (Modern Greek pronunciation): En archí ín o Lógos, ke o Lógos ín pros ton Theón, ke Theós ín o Lógos.
Literal English Translation: In beginning was the Word, and the Word was toward the God, and God was the Word.
Koine Blueprint: Morphological Breakdown
- Ἐν – Form: preposition; Root: ἐν; Gloss: in; Parsing: governs dative; Notes: Spatial/temporal marker, here temporal.
- ἀρχῇ – Form: noun, dative singular feminine; Root: ἀρχή; Gloss: beginning; Parsing: 1st declension; Notes: Object of ἐν.
- ἦν – Form: verb, 3rd singular imperfect active indicative; Root: εἰμί; Gloss: was; Parsing: continuous past; Notes: Emphasizes eternal existence.
- ὁ – Form: definite article, nominative singular masculine; Root: ὁ; Gloss: the; Parsing: matches Λόγος; Notes: Marks subject.
- Λόγος – Form: noun, nominative singular masculine; Root: λόγος; Gloss: word, message; Parsing: subject; Notes: Loaded theological term.
- καὶ – Form: conjunction; Root: καί; Gloss: and; Parsing: connector; Notes: Links parallel clauses.
- πρὸς – Form: preposition; Root: πρός; Gloss: toward; Parsing: governs accusative; Notes: Indicates personal relationship.
- τὸν – Form: definite article, accusative singular masculine; Root: ὁ; Gloss: the; Parsing: with Θεόν; Notes: Direct object.
- Θεόν – Form: noun, accusative singular masculine; Root: θεός; Gloss: God; Parsing: object of πρός; Notes: Accusative marks direction.
- Θεὸς – Form: noun, nominative singular masculine; Root: θεός; Gloss: God; Parsing: predicate nominative; Notes: Without article, emphasizes nature rather than identity.
How Does Modern Greek Handle This?
- Prepositions: ἐν still means “in” but is less often paired with dative; Modern Greek uses the accusative: στην αρχή.
- Dative Case: The dative has vanished; Modern Greek replaces it with prepositional phrases using the accusative.
- Imperfect Tense: Still used, but less frequent than in Koine for expressing states of being; the verb would be ήταν.
- Articles and Word Order: Modern Greek maintains articles and relatively free word order, though it’s more SVO-oriented than Koine.
Sentence Structure: Then vs Now
Koine Greek enjoys flexibility thanks to case endings. The subject-predicate inversion in καὶ Θεὸς ἦν ὁ Λόγος places emphasis on “God.” Modern Greek would restructure this naturally as:
Και ο Λόγος ήταν ο Θεός. – a more straightforward SVO pattern.
Sound Shifts: From Koine to Modern
Koine Greek pronunciation likely sounded like: [en arˈkʰɛː ɛ̂ːn ho ˈloɡos] … [kai tʰeˈos ɛ̂ːn ho ˈloɡos].
Modern Greek renders it as: [en arˈçi in o ˈloɣos] … [ce o ˈloɣos in pros ton θeˈon].
Key shifts: aspirated stops became fricatives (e.g., θ from /tʰ/ to /θ/), loss of pitch accent, vowel mergers.
At a Glance: Grammar Transformations
| Grammatical Feature | New Testament Greek | Modern Greek | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Verb Aspect | ἦν (Imperfect) | ήταν (Past Simple) | Modern aspect system restructured |
| Dative Case | ἀρχῇ (Dative) | στην αρχή (Preposition + Accusative) | Dative replaced by prepositional phrases |
| Predicate Nominative | Θεὸς ἦν ὁ Λόγος | Ο Λόγος ήταν ο Θεός | Modern Greek favors SVO clarity |
Grammatical Shifts Through the Ages
This single verse illustrates the heart of Hellenic linguistic evolution. Koine’s rich case system has simplified, and its flexible word order has shifted toward Modern Greek’s more rigid SVO structure. The loss of the dative, simplification of verbal moods, and phonological softening reflect Greek’s streamlining over centuries. And yet, a core remains: articles, noun endings, and the rhythm of expression still echo across millennia.
