New Testament Greek

The definite article in New Testament Greek—ὁ, ἡ, τό and their declined forms—plays a far more dynamic role than simply marking definiteness like the English word “the.” In Koine Greek, the article has wide-ranging grammatical and semantic functions, including identification, specification, substantivization, and syntactic signaling. Understanding how the article operates is essential for accurate exegesis and interpretation.

1. Definition and Basic Function

The Greek definite article is a grammatical marker that typically functions to make a noun or phrase definite—that is, identifiable or known to the speaker and audience. It corresponds roughly to the English “the,” but is used more broadly in Greek.… Learn Koine Greek

The verbs ἐστίν (estin) and ἦν (ēn) are forms of the Greek verb εἰμί, meaning “to be.” These forms are crucial in understanding the structure and meaning of many New Testament passages. While ἐστίν is the present tense, ἦν is the imperfect tense, each serving distinct functions in narrative and theological contexts. 1. The Present Tense: ἐστίν

The word ἐστίν (estin) is the third person singular form of εἰμί in the present indicative, meaning “he is,” “she is,” or “it is.” It indicates a current state of being.

Examples of ἐστίν in the New Testament

1. John 1:1 Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ Λόγος, καὶ ὁ Λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν Θεόν, καὶ Θεὸς ἦν ὁ Λόγος.… Learn Koine Greek

Personal pronouns in New Testament Greek serve to indicate the speaker, the addressee, or the person being spoken about. While Greek verbs typically encode the subject within their endings, personal pronouns are still used for emphasis, contrast, or clarity. This article outlines the forms and functions of Greek personal pronouns, focusing on subject (nominative) and object (accusative, dative, and genitive) cases.

1. Overview of Personal Pronouns

Greek personal pronouns vary in form according to person (1st, 2nd, 3rd), number (singular, plural), gender (in the 3rd person), and case (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative).

1st person: speaker (I, we) 2nd person: addressee (you) 3rd person: person/thing spoken about (he, she, it, they)

While subject pronouns (nominative) are often omitted because verb endings indicate person and number, object pronouns (accusative/dative/genitive) are required when acting as verbal complements or modifiers.… Learn Koine Greek