Comparative Greek Analysis: Revelation 22:2 in Koine vs. Classical Greek

Posted on February 22, 2019 by New Testament Greek
Revelation 22:2

ἐν μέσῳ τῆς πλατείας αὐτῆς καὶ τοῦ ποταμοῦ ἐντεῦθεν καὶ ἐκεῖθεν ξύλον ζωῆς, ποιοῦν καρποὺς δώδεκα, κατὰ μῆνα ἕκαστον ἀποδιδοῦν τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ, καὶ τὰ φύλλα τοῦ ξύλου εἰς θεραπείαν τῶν ἐθνῶν.

Literal English Translation

In the middle of its street and of the river, on this side and on that, a tree of life, producing twelve fruits, yielding its fruit each month, and the leaves of the tree are for the healing of the nations.

Grammar and Syntax Analysis (Koine Greek) ἐν μέσῳ τῆς πλατείας αὐτῆς καὶ τοῦ ποταμοῦ – ἐν μέσῳ: “in the midst (of),” a compound prepositional phrase, frequently found in both Koine and Classical.… Learn Koine Greek
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They Burned the Books: Aorist Verbs and Volitional Finality in Acts 19:19

Posted on February 19, 2019 by New Testament Greek

In ἱκανοὶ δὲ τῶν τὰ περίεργα πραξάντων συνενέγκαντες τὰς βίβλους κατέκαιον ἐνώπιον πάντων· καὶ συνεψήφισαν τὰς τιμὰς αὐτῶν καὶ εὗρον ἀργυρίου μυριάδας πέντε (Acts 19:19), Luke narrates a dramatic turning point in Ephesus. Practitioners of magic renounce their former lives — not just inwardly, but visibly and economically — by publicly burning their spellbooks. The grammar here is ablaze with meaning: a cascade of aorist participles and indicative verbs captures a decisive, irrevocable act. The Greek doesn’t merely report events — it performs their finality.

Morphological Breakdown ἱκανοὶ – Root: ἱκανός Form: nominative masculine plural adjective Lexical Meaning: “many,” “a considerable number” Contextual Notes: Often denotes sufficiency or quantity — “a good number of them.”… Learn Koine Greek
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Hope in the Lord: A Pastoral Heart in Philippians 2:19

Posted on February 19, 2019 by New Testament Greek

Philippians 2:19 begins a new section in which Paul outlines his travel plans and commends his coworkers, especially Timothy and Epaphroditus (vv. 19–30). After his Christological hymn (vv. 6–11) and ethical exhortations (vv. 12–18), Paul turns to practical matters — but his theology saturates even this logistics. Verse 19 reveals both his apostolic concern and his deep pastoral affection for the Philippians.

Structural Analysis

Ἐλπίζω δὲ ἐν κυρίῳ Ἰησοῦ Τιμόθεον ταχέως πέμψαι ὑμῖν, ἵνα κἀγὼ εὐψυχῶ γνοὺς τὰ περὶ ὑμῶν·

The verse consists of (1) Paul’s expression of hope, (2) the content of that hope — sending Timothy soon, and (3) the purpose clause introduced by ἵνα, revealing Paul’s motivation: to be encouraged upon hearing news of the Philippians.… Learn Koine Greek

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Seeing No One Else: The Art of Exception Clauses and Partitive Constructions

Posted on January 20, 2019 by New Testament Greek
ἕτερον δὲ τῶν ἀποστόλων οὐκ εἶδον εἰ μὴ Ἰάκωβον τὸν ἀδελφὸν τοῦ κυρίου. (Galatians 1:19) Paul’s Personal Testimony and Apostolic Distinction

This brief verse from Paul’s autobiographical defense in Galatians offers more than a factual statement about his travels — it is a masterclass in Greek syntax. Paul carefully crafts a statement to defend his independence from the Twelve, yet acknowledges one crucial exception: James, the brother of the Lord.

The Greek here demonstrates several elegant syntactic features, especially the partitive genitive, exception clauses with εἰ μή, and apposition. Let’s look deeper into the grammatical richness embedded in this verse.

Partitive Genitive: τῶν ἀποστόλων

The phrase ἕτερον δὲ τῶν ἀποστόλων employs the partitive genitive, a common construction in Koine Greek used with pronouns or adjectives like ἕτερος (another) to express a part of a whole.… Learn Koine Greek

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Greek Grammar Lesson from Matthew 19:9

Posted on January 19, 2019 by New Testament Greek
Matthew 19:9 in Greek

λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι ὃς ἂν ἀπολύσῃ τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ μὴ ἐπὶ πορνείᾳ καὶ γαμήσῃ ἄλλην, μοιχᾶται· καὶ ὁ ἀπολελυμένην γαμήσας μοιχᾶται.

Focus Topic: Conditional Construction with ἂν and Subjunctive + Present Indicative Result

This verse illustrates a conditional sentence formed with the particle ἂν and a subjunctive verb in the protasis, followed by a present indicative in the apodosis. It also highlights syntactical exceptions and participial usage with theological implications regarding marriage and divorce.

Conditional Clause: ὃς ἂν ἀπολύσῃ…καὶ γαμήσῃ

The construction ὃς ἂν + subjunctive forms a general condition or indefinite relative clause (“whoever divorces…”).… Learn Koine Greek

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Shipwrecked by Conscience: Greek Grammar in Warnings of Faith

Posted on January 1, 2019 by New Testament Greek

In this passage, Paul weaves together participles, relative pronouns, and metaphors to issue a stern warning about moral integrity and belief: ἔχων πίστιν καὶ ἀγαθὴν συνείδησιν, ἥν τινες ἀπωσάμενοι περὶ τὴν πίστιν ἐναυάγησαν from 1 Timothy 1:19. The grammar mirrors the danger Paul describes — a subtle drifting that leads to spiritual catastrophe. Let us unpack this verse phrase by phrase.

The Greek Text in Focus

ἔχων πίστιν καὶ ἀγαθὴν συνείδησιν, ἥν τινες ἀπωσάμενοι περὶ τὴν πίστιν ἐναυάγησαν (1 Timothy 1:19)

“Having faith and a good conscience, which some, having rejected, have suffered shipwreck in regard to the faith.”

Grammatical Highlights ἔχων — present active participle, masculine singular; describes the subject as “having” both faith and conscience.… Learn Koine Greek
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1 Timothy 1:18 and the Language of Apostolic Charge

Posted on December 28, 2018 by New Testament Greek
1 Timothy 1:18

Ταύτην τὴν παραγγελίαν παρατίθεμαί σοι, τέκνον Τιμόθεε, κατὰ τὰς προαγούσας ἐπὶ σὲ προφητείας, ἵνα στρατεύῃ ἐν αὐταῖς τὴν καλὴν στρατείαν,

Literal English Translation

This command I entrust to you, child Timothy, according to the prophecies previously spoken about you, in order that by them you may wage the good warfare.

Entrusting, Not Ordering παρατίθεμαί σοι The verb παρατίθημι, here in the middle voice (1st person singular present indicative), literally means “I place beside” or “I entrust.” In Classical Greek (e.g., Thucydides), it often refers to setting forth facts or provisions. In Koine, particularly in personal letters, it takes on the tone of commissioning or entrusting responsibility.… Learn Koine Greek
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Paul Meets James: Greek Grammar in Apostolic Assembly

Posted on December 21, 2018 by New Testament Greek

In Acts 21:18, Luke describes Paul’s formal visit to James in Jerusalem. The verse — τῇ δὲ ἐπιούσῃ εἰσῄει ὁ Παῦλος σὺν ἡμῖν πρὸς Ἰάκωβον, πάντες τε παρεγένοντο οἱ πρεσβύτεροι — uses temporal participles, motion verbs, and collective subjects to capture a moment of leadership convergence. The grammar here emphasizes not only chronology, but the solemnity and unity of the church leaders in action.

The Greek Text in Focus

τῇ δὲ ἐπιούσῃ εἰσῄει ὁ Παῦλος σὺν ἡμῖν πρὸς Ἰάκωβον, πάντες τε παρεγένοντο οἱ πρεσβύτεροι (Acts 21:18)

“And on the next day, Paul went in with us to James, and all the elders were present.”… Learn Koine Greek

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Understanding Correlative Pronouns and Adverbs in NT Greek

Posted on November 28, 2018 by New Testament Greek

In New Testament Greek, correlative pronouns and adverbs play a significant role in connecting ideas and providing clarity in descriptions of place, manner, time, and more. These correlatives appear in various categories like demonstrative, interrogative, indefinite, and relative pronouns and adverbs, often forming pairs or groups that help establish relationships in the text.

Here’s a brief overview of these categories in NT Greek:

1. Demonstrative: These pronouns and adverbs point to specific things, people, or concepts (e.g., “this,” “that,” “here”).

2. Interrogative: These ask questions about identity, place, time, manner, and other qualities (e.g., “who?” “where?” “when?”).

3. Indefinite: These refer to non-specific entities (e.g.,… Learn Koine Greek

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Mastering Greek Verb Endings in the New Testament

Posted on October 26, 2018 by New Testament Greek
Greek Verb Endings in the New Testament: A Quick Guide

In New Testament Greek, verb endings help us determine the grammatical person (first, second, third) and number (singular, plural), as well as the tense (e.g., present, future, aorist) and voice (active, middle, passive). This guide provides a comprehensive overview of verb endings in the main indicative tenses, organized by tense and voice. These tables will help you recognize verb forms in the Greek New Testament.

Present Tense Endings Active Voice Person Singular Plural 1st Person -ω -ομεν 2nd Person -εις -ετε 3rd Person -ει -ουσι(ν) Middle/Passive Voice Person Singular Plural 1st Person -ομαι -όμεθα 2nd Person -ῃ / -ει -εσθε 3rd Person -εται -ονται

 

Future Tense Endings Active Voice Person Singular Plural 1st Person -σω -σομεν 2nd Person -σεις -σετε 3rd Person -σει -σουσι(ν) Middle Voice Person Singular Plural 1st Person -σομαι -σόμεθα 2nd Person -σῃ / -σει -σεσθε 3rd Person -σεται -σονται Passive Voice Person Singular Plural 1st Person -θησομαι -θησόμεθα 2nd Person -θησῃ / -θησει -θησεσθε 3rd Person -θησεται -θησονται

 

Imperfect Tense Endings Active Voice Person Singular Plural 1st Person -ον -ομεν 2nd Person -ες -ετε 3rd Person -ε(ν) -ον Middle/Passive Voice Person Singular Plural 1st Person -ομην -όμεθα 2nd Person -ου -εσθε 3rd Person -ετο -οντο

 

Aorist Tense Endings Active Voice Person Singular Plural 1st Person -α -αμεν 2nd Person -ας -ατε 3rd Person -ε(ν) -αν Middle Voice Person Singular Plural 1st Person -άμην -άμεθα 2nd Person -ω -ασθε 3rd Person -ατο -αντο Passive Voice Person Singular Plural 1st Person -θην -θημεν 2nd Person -θης -θητε 3rd Person -θη -θησαν

 

In New Testament Greek, understanding how to identify the different grammatical persons (first, second, and third) and numbers (singular and plural) is key for reading and interpretation.… Learn Koine Greek

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