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Greek Lessons
- Grammatical Resistance: Pharaoh’s Syntax of Control in Exodus 10:11
- The Accusation in Quotation: Pauline Perception and Koine Rhetoric
- Healing and Heralding: The Grammar of Kingdom Nearness
- The Word Near You: Syntax, Faith, and the Internalization of Truth in Romans 10:8
- Synonyms: Image and Likeness: εἰκών, ὁμοίωσις, and ὁμοίωμα in the Greek New Testament
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Category
Author Archives: New Testament Greek
“Why Are You Weeping?”: Greek Grammar in a Garden of Grief
Καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῇ ἐκεῖνοι· γύναι, τί κλαίεις; Λέγει αὐτοῖς· ὅτι ἦραν τὸν κύριόν μου, καὶ οὐκ οἶδα ποῦ ἔθηκαν αὐτόν (John 20:13)
“And they say to her, ‘Woman, why are you weeping?’ She says to them, ‘Because they have taken away my Lord, and I do not know where they have put him.’”
In this tender exchange from the resurrection narrative, the grammar of John 20:13 invites readers into a moment of confusion, sorrow, and implicit hope. The text uses narrative verbs, direct and indirect discourse, interrogatives, and a pair of finely nuanced aorists to show that even grammar can carry tears.… Learn Koine Greek
Deliver Us from the Evil One: Syntax and Theology in a Sentence
Matthew 6:13 is traditionally recognized as the final petition and doxology of the Lord’s Prayer.
Καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν, ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ· ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία, καὶ ἡ δύναμις, καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοῦς αἰῶνας. (Matthew 6:13)And do not bring us into temptation, but deliver us from the evil one. For yours is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory forever.
Negative Requests and the Subjunctive: μὴ εἰσενέγκῃςThe verb εἰσενέγκῃς is aorist active subjunctive, second person singular, from εἰσφέρω (“to bring in” or “lead into”). Preceded by μὴ, it forms a prohibition or negative entreaty: “Do not lead us.”… Learn Koine Greek
“ἔλεγε πειράζων… ᾔδει τί ἔμελλε ποιεῖν”: Testing and Knowing in John 6:6
A Test With a Known Answer
After asking Philip where to buy bread (John 6:6), the narrator comments:
Τοῦτο δὲ ἔλεγε πειράζων αὐτόν· αὐτὸς γὰρ ᾔδει τί ἔμελλε ποιεῖν. “But this he was saying, testing him; for he himself knew what he was about to do.”
This sentence contrasts Jesus’ apparent uncertainty (posing a question) with his actual foreknowledge. It uses an elegant mix of grammatical forms to present Jesus as a teacher who tests, but also a sovereign who knows.
Τοῦτο δὲ ἔλεγε πειράζων αὐτόν· αὐτὸς γὰρ ᾔδει τί ἔμελλε ποιεῖν.This verse John 6:6 features a powerful present participle (πειράζων) alongside two imperfect indicative verbs (ἔλεγε and ᾔδει) and a periphrastic future construction (ἔμελλε + infinitive).… Learn Koine Greek
When the Aorist Participles Speak First: Temporal Nuance and Dramatic Sequence
In the verse ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς ἀποκριθεὶς ἤρξατο λέγειν αὐτοῖς· βλέπετε μή τις ὑμᾶς πλανήσῃ (Mark 13:5), we find a classic example of Koine Greek’s capacity to compress action and emotion into finely tuned grammatical structures. The spotlight falls on the use of the aorist participle ἀποκριθεὶς, which precedes the main verb ἤρξατο in a sequence that defies a rigid English rendering. This raises a subtle but crucial grammatical issue: how should we interpret temporal participles in Koine Greek — especially when paired with verbs of speaking and motion?
This isn’t merely an academic curiosity. In Mark’s narrative style — swift, urgent, and often breathless — participles set the stage for action with cinematic immediacy.… Learn Koine Greek
Apostolic Delegation and Ecclesiastical Order in Titus 1:5: Greek Imperatives for Church Structuring
Τούτου χάριν κατέλιπόν σε ἐν Κρήτῃ, ἵνα τὰ λείποντα ἐπιδιορθώσῃ, καὶ καταστήσῃς κατὰ πόλιν πρεσβυτέρους, ὡς ἐγώ σοι διεταξάμην,
Purpose Introduction: Τούτου χάριν
– Τούτου: Genitive singular neuter demonstrative pronoun—”of this.” – χάριν: Accusative singular of χάρις, used idiomatically as a preposition meaning “for the sake of.” – Translation: “For this reason” or “On account of this.” – This phrase introduces the rationale behind Paul’s previous action.
Main Action: κατέλιπόν σε ἐν Κρήτῃ– κατέλιπον: Aorist active indicative, 1st person singular of καταλείπω, “I left behind.” – σε: Accusative singular 2nd person pronoun—”you.” – ἐν Κρήτῃ: Prepositional phrase with ἐν + dative singular—”in Crete.”… Learn Koine Greek
Declensions and Authority: Case Roles in Romans 13:4
Θεοῦ γὰρ διάκονός ἐστι σοὶ εἰς τὸ ἀγαθόν. ἐὰν δὲ τὸ κακὸν ποιῇς, φοβοῦ· οὐ γὰρ εἰκῇ τὴν μάχαιραν φορεῖ· Θεοῦ γὰρ διάκονός ἐστιν εἰς ὀργὴν, ἔκδικος τῷ τὸ κακὸν πράσσοντι. (Romans 13:4)
For he is a servant of God for your good. But if you do what is evil, be afraid; for he does not bear the sword in vain. For he is a servant of God, an avenger for wrath to the one who practices evil.
Declension Analysis Table Greek Form Morphology Case & Syntactic Role Notes Θεοῦ 2nd declension masculine singular Genitive singular, genitive of possession Marks God as the one to whom the servant belongs; repeated twice for emphasis.… Learn Koine GreekDeclensions in Exhortation: Morphology in 1 Thessalonians 4:1
Τὸ λοιπὸν οὖν, ἀδελφοί, ἐρωτῶμεν ὑμᾶς καὶ παρακαλοῦμεν ἐν κυρίῳ Ἰησοῦ, καθὼς παρελάβετε παρ’ ἡμῶν τὸ πῶς δεῖ ὑμᾶς περιπατεῖν καὶ ἀρέσκειν Θεῷ, ἵνα περισσεύητε μᾶλλον· (1 Thessalonians 4:1)
Finally then, brothers, we ask you and urge you in the Lord Jesus, just as you received from us how it is necessary for you to walk and to please God, that you may abound more.
Declension Analysis Table Greek Word Morphology Case & Syntactic Role Notes ἀδελφοί Noun, vocative masculine plural Direct address Sets a fraternal, pastoral tone ὑμᾶς (first occurrence) 2nd person pronoun, accusative plural Accusative direct object of ἐρωτῶμεν and παρακαλοῦμεν The audience of the appeal κυρίῳ Noun, dative masculine singular with article Dative of sphere or respect Marks the sphere in which the appeal is made — “in the Lord” Ἰησοῦ Proper noun, genitive masculine singular Genitive of relationship Identifies the Lord as Jesus ἡμῶν 1st person pronoun, genitive plural Genitive of source Indicates from whom the teaching was received ὑμᾶς (second occurrence) 2nd person pronoun, accusative plural Subject of infinitives περιπατεῖν and ἀρέσκειν Accusative of reference with infinitives Θεῷ Noun, dative masculine singular Dative of advantage Marks God as the one pleased by the believers’ walk Vocatives Framing Pastoral AppealThe vocative ἀδελφοί places the audience in a relationship of familial warmth and shared faith, setting the tone for exhortation.… Learn Koine Greek
Greek Grammar Lesson from Luke 18:13
Καὶ ὁ τελώνης μακρόθεν ἑστὼς οὐκ ἤθελεν οὐδὲ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν ἐπᾶραι, ἀλλ’ ἔτυπτεν εἰς τὸ στῆθος αὐτοῦ λέγων· ὁ Θεός, ἱλάσθητί μοι τῷ ἁμαρτωλῷ. (Luke 18:13)
And the tax collector, standing far off, was not willing even to lift his eyes to heaven, but was beating his chest, saying, “God, be merciful to me, the sinner.”
Focus Topic: Periphrastic Construction and Emotional ImperfectsThis verse uses vivid tense and mood choices to emphasize humility, unworthiness, and heartfelt prayer. Key features include the perfect participle with stative force, the imperfect for durative emotional action, and a rare optative of entreaty in the prayer.… Learn Koine Greek
Overabundant Longing: Participles, Purpose Clauses, and Pastoral Theology in 1 Thessalonians 3:10
Νυκτὸς καὶ ἡμέρας ὑπερεκπερισσοῦ δεόμενοι εἰς τὸ ἰδεῖν ὑμῶν τὸ πρόσωπον καὶ καταρτίσαι τὰ ὑστερήματα τῆς πίστεως ὑμῶν; (1 Thessalonians 3:10)
Night and day praying beyond measure to see your face and to supply what is lacking in your faith
The Syntax of Pastoral BurdenIn this emotionally charged verse, Paul reveals the unrelenting weight of his apostolic concern. His syntax is not merely informative—it embodies the pastoral heart through grammatical intensity, verbal choice, and structural layering. Every phrase builds toward a deep yearning to complete what is lacking in the faith of the Thessalonians.
This analysis will explore:
The function of the present participle δεόμενοι in sustained supplication The emphatic adverb ὑπερεκπερισσοῦ and its expressive role The articular infinitives εἰς τὸ ἰδεῖν and καταρτίσαι as purpose clauses The theological nuance of τὰ ὑστερήματα τῆς πίστεως Night and Day: A Temporal Framework for PrayerThe verse begins with the genitives νυκτὸς καὶ ἡμέρας, an idiom for continuous duration, often inverted from the natural order (day and night) to stress the nocturnal burden of intercession.… Learn Koine Greek
The True Circumcision: Identity and Worship in Philippians 3:3
Ἡμεῖς γάρ ἐσμεν ἡ περιτομή, οἱ Πνεύματι Θεοῦ λατρεύοντες καὶ καυχώμενοι ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ καὶ οὐκ ἐν σαρκὶ πεποιθότες (Philippians 3:3)
For we are the circumcision, who serve by the Spirit of God and boast in Christ Jesus and do not trust in the flesh.
ἡμεῖς γάρ ἐσμεν ἡ περιτομή: Redefining Covenant IdentityThe sentence opens emphatically with ἡμεῖς — “we,” clearly distinguishing Paul and his audience from those he criticizes in the previous verse (the so-called “mutilators of the flesh,” v.2). The verb ἐσμεν (present indicative of εἰμί, “to be”) follows, linking the subject to its surprising predicate: ἡ περιτομή — “the circumcision.”… Learn Koine Greek
