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Greek Lessons
- The Question of Eternal Life: Syntax of Testing and Inquiry in Luke 10:25
- The Grammar of Astonishment and Difficulty
- The Urgency of Flight: Syntax, Eschatology, and the Grammar of Mission in Matthew 10:23
- Provoking the Lord: The Peril of Presumption
- The Great Priest Over God’s House: The Foundation of Confident Access
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Category
Category Archives: Exegesis
“Why Break My Heart?”: The Resolve of Love in Acts 21:13
Acts 21:13 records Paul’s response to the pleas of believers who, having heard prophetic warnings, begged him not to go to Jerusalem (cf. Acts 21:10–12). Agabus had just foretold that Paul would be bound and delivered into the hands of the Gentiles. This verse is Paul’s deeply emotional but determined reply — revealing the heart of an apostle prepared for suffering and death for the name of Jesus.
Structural Analysisἀπεκρίθη τε ὁ Παῦλος· τί ποιεῖτε κλαίοντες καὶ συνθρύπτοντές μου τὴν καρδίαν; ἐγὼ γὰρ οὐ μόνον δεθῆναι, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀποθανεῖν εἰς Ἱερουσαλὴμ ἑτοίμως ἔχω ὑπὲρ τοῦ ὀνόματος τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ.
The verse contains:
An introductory narrative clause: ἀπεκρίθη τε ὁ Παῦλος — “Then Paul answered.”… Learn Koine GreekThe Fragrance of Generosity: Paul’s Language of Worship and Gift
Ἀπέχω δὲ πάντα καὶ περισσεύω· πεπλήρωμαι δεξάμενος παρὰ Ἐπαφροδίτου τὰ παρ’ ὑμῶν, ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας, θυσίαν δεκτήν, εὐάρεστον τῷ Θεῷ. (Philippians 4:18)
But I have received everything and I abound; I am fully supplied, having received from Epaphroditus the things from you, a fragrant aroma, an acceptable sacrifice, well-pleasing to God.
Apostolic Gratitude and Liturgical LanguageThis verse is Paul’s beautifully stylized thank-you note, expressed not in transactional terms but in sacrificial and liturgical imagery. He speaks not only of receiving a material gift but of a spiritual act that rises to God.
ἀπέχω δὲ πάντα καὶ περισσεύω – “I have received everything and abound.”… Learn Koine GreekOverabundant Longing: Participles, Purpose Clauses, and Pastoral Theology in 1 Thessalonians 3:10
Νυκτὸς καὶ ἡμέρας ὑπερεκπερισσοῦ δεόμενοι εἰς τὸ ἰδεῖν ὑμῶν τὸ πρόσωπον καὶ καταρτίσαι τὰ ὑστερήματα τῆς πίστεως ὑμῶν; (1 Thessalonians 3:10)
Night and day praying beyond measure to see your face and to supply what is lacking in your faith
The Syntax of Pastoral BurdenIn this emotionally charged verse, Paul reveals the unrelenting weight of his apostolic concern. His syntax is not merely informative—it embodies the pastoral heart through grammatical intensity, verbal choice, and structural layering. Every phrase builds toward a deep yearning to complete what is lacking in the faith of the Thessalonians.
This analysis will explore:
The function of the present participle δεόμενοι in sustained supplication The emphatic adverb ὑπερεκπερισσοῦ and its expressive role The articular infinitives εἰς τὸ ἰδεῖν and καταρτίσαι as purpose clauses The theological nuance of τὰ ὑστερήματα τῆς πίστεως Night and Day: A Temporal Framework for PrayerThe verse begins with the genitives νυκτὸς καὶ ἡμέρας, an idiom for continuous duration, often inverted from the natural order (day and night) to stress the nocturnal burden of intercession.… Learn Koine Greek
Nothing Hidden: Transparency and Growing Understanding in Apostolic Ministry
Οὐ γὰρ ἄλλα γράφομεν ὑμῖν, ἀλλ’ ἢ ἃ ἀναγινώσκετε ἢ καὶ ἐπιγινώσκετε, ἐλπίζω δὲ ὅτι καὶ ἕως τέλους ἐπιγνώσεσθε, (2 Corinthians 1:13)
For we are not writing anything to you except what you read or even understand, and I hope that you will understand fully until the end.
Apostolic Integrity Through Plain WritingIn 2 Corinthians 1:13, Paul affirms the clarity and transparency of his correspondence with the Corinthian believers. The verse begins with a denial: οὐ γὰρ ἄλλα γράφομεν ὑμῖν—“For we are not writing to you anything other.” The plural γράφομεν (we write) suggests both Paul and his co-workers, while ἄλλα (“other [things]”) stresses that there is no hidden message or cryptic layer behind his words.… Learn Koine Greek
The Crown of Life: Endurance and the Aorist Reward in James 1:12
Μακάριος ἀνὴρ ὃς ὑπομένει πειρασμόν· ὅτι δόκιμος γενόμενος λήψεται τὸν στέφανον τῆς ζωῆς, ὃν ἐπηγγείλατο ὁ Κύριος τοῖς ἀγαπῶσιν αὐτόν.
Blessed is the man who endures trial, because having become approved, he will receive the crown of life, which the LORD promised to those who love Him.
Blessing for Those Who EndureJames 1:12 delivers a beatitude not for the comfortable, but for the tested. The structure of this verse is shaped around one central figure: the one who ὑπομένει πειρασμόν—“endures testing.” The reward is stunning: the στέφανος τῆς ζωῆς, “the crown of life,” a metaphor for eternal reward. But this promise unfolds through grammatical nuance, where participial timing, future certainty, and verbal agreement reveal that endurance is not the cause of salvation, but its hallmark and evidence.… Learn Koine Greek
The Sign Refused: Divine Grief and Human Unbelief in Mark 8:12
Mark 8:12 is located in a section where the Pharisees confront Jesus, demanding a sign from heaven to test him (Mark 8:11). The verse you provided is Jesus’ deeply emotional and solemn response. This marks a turning point in the narrative as Jesus increasingly distances himself from those demanding proof and moves toward his passion. His refusal to give a sign is both judgment and lament.
Structural Analysisκαὶ ἀναστενάξας τῷ πνεύματι αὐτοῦ λέγει· τί ἡ γενεὰ αὕτη σημεῖον ἐπιζητεῖ; ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν, εἰ δοθήσεται τῇ γενεᾷ ταύτῃ σημεῖον.
The verse flows in three movements:
ἀναστενάξας τῷ πνεύματι αὐτοῦ — an inner groaning of grief or exasperation.… Learn Koine GreekThe Will and the Timing: Apollos’ Delay in 1 Corinthians 16:12
1 Corinthians 16:12 appears near the close of Paul’s first letter to the Corinthian church. After addressing matters of doctrine, ethics, and worship, Paul turns to personal and logistical concerns (ch. 16). In this verse, he explains the situation with Apollos — a respected teacher in Corinth (cf. 1 Cor. 1:12; 3:4–6). Some Corinthians evidently wanted Apollos to return. Paul clarifies that while he urged Apollos to visit, Apollos chose not to do so at the present time, intending to come later when opportunity allowed.
Structural AnalysisΠερὶ δὲ Ἀπολλῶ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ πολλὰ παρεκάλεσα αὐτὸν ἵνα ἔλθῃ πρὸς ὑμᾶς μετὰ τῶν ἀδελφῶν· καὶ πάντως οὐκ ἦν θέλημα ἵνα νῦν ἔλθῃ, ἐλεύσεται δὲ ὅταν εὐκαιρήσῃ.… Learn Koine Greek
Consider Him: The Syntax of Endurance in Hebrews 12:3
Hebrews 12:3 comes immediately after the famous exhortation to “run with endurance the race set before us” while fixing our eyes on Jesus (Hebrews 12:1–2). The verse continues that call to perseverance by urging the audience to reflect on Christ’s endurance in the face of opposition. This reflection is not merely devotional; it is the antidote to spiritual fatigue. In the structure of the epistle, this verse transitions from Christ’s supreme example to practical encouragement for those tempted to give up.
Structural Analysisἀναλογίσασθε γὰρ τὸν τοιαύτην ὑπομεμενηκότα ὑπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτωλῶν εἰς αὐτὸν ἀντιλογίαν, ἵνα μὴ κάμητε ταῖς ψυχαῖς ὑμῶν ἐκλυόμενοι.… Learn Koine Greek
Mutual Glory in Christ: A Theological Doxology from 2 Thessalonians 1:12
Ὅπως ἐνδοξασθῇ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐν ὑμῖν, καὶ ὑμεῖς ἐν αὐτῷ, κατὰ τὴν χάριν τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡμῶν καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ (2 Thessalonians 1:12)
So that the name of our Lord Jesus Christ may be glorified in you, and you in Him, according to the grace of our God and the Lord Jesus Christ.”
In this closing clause of Paul’s prayer for the Thessalonians, we encounter one of the most beautifully compact expressions of mutual glorification between Christ and his people. The syntax and vocabulary of the verse draw from rich theological wells—grace, union with Christ, and eschatological hope.… Learn Koine Greek
The Divided I: Party Spirit and Apostolic Allegiance in 1 Corinthians 1:12
1 Corinthians 1:12 expands upon the issue Paul introduces in verse 11 — reports of quarrels among the Corinthian believers. In this verse, he names the source of division: self-identification with different Christian leaders. This seemingly small detail has massive theological and ecclesial implications. As Paul opens his letter to the fractious Corinthian church, he puts his finger on one of the most pervasive spiritual diseases: factionalism under the banner of Christian allegiance.
Structural Analysisλέγω δὲ τοῦτο, ὅτι ἕκαστος ὑμῶν λέγει· ἐγὼ μέν εἰμι Παύλου, ἐγὼ δὲ Ἀπολλώ, ἐγὼ δὲ Κηφᾶ, ἐγὼ δὲ Χριστοῦ.
Paul begins with the clarifying formula λέγω δὲ τοῦτο — “Now I say this,” which signals that he will spell out the problem he just mentioned.… Learn Koine Greek
