-
Greek Lessons
- Vindicated at the Table: How Speech Condemns and Grammar Acquits
- Carried, Not Carrying: The Grammar That Topples Boasting
- Spliced into Abundance: The Grammar of Displacement and Participation in ἐνεκεντρίσθης
- When the Heart Expands Toward Ruin: The Grammar of Self-Watchfulness
- Living, Begetting, Dying: The Grammar of Time and Continuity
-
Category
Category Archives: Ancient Greek
The Vine and the Vinedresser: A Koine and Classical Greek Comparison of John 15:2
Πᾶν κλῆμα ἐν ἐμοὶ μὴ φέρον καρπόν, αἴρει αὐτό, καὶ πᾶν τὸ καρπὸν φέρον, καθαίρει αὐτὸ, ἵνα πλείονα καρπὸν φέρῃ. (John 15:2)
Every branch in me that does not bear fruit, he removes it; and every branch that bears fruit, he prunes it so that it may bear more fruit.
Koine Greek Grammar and Syntax Analysis πᾶν κλῆμα — Neuter singular: “every branch.” πᾶν modifies κλῆμα (“branch”), metaphorically representing individuals connected to Jesus. ἐν ἐμοὶ — Prepositional phrase with dative: “in me.” Indicates relational union with Christ, a theological motif common in John. μὴ φέρον καρπόν — Negative participial phrase: “not bearing fruit.”… Learn Koine GreekPersonal Greetings and Apostolic Instructions: A Koine and Classical Greek Comparison of Colossians 4:10
Ἀσπάζεται ὑμᾶς Ἀρίσταρχος ὁ συναιχμάλωτός μου, καὶ Μᾶρκος ὁ ἀνεψιὸς Βαρνάβα, περὶ οὗ ἐλάβετε ἐντολάς· ἐὰν ἔλθῃ πρὸς ὑμᾶς δέξασθε αὐτόν, (Colossians 4:10)
Aristarchus, my fellow prisoner, greets you, and Mark, the cousin of Barnabas (concerning whom you received instructions—if he comes to you, welcome him),
Koine Greek Grammar and Syntax Analysis Ἀσπάζεται ὑμᾶς — Present middle/passive indicative, 3rd singular of ἀσπάζομαι: “greets you.” Typical epistolary verb in Koine. Ἀρίσταρχος — Nominative subject of ἀσπάζεται, a known companion of Paul. Apposition follows. ὁ συναιχμάλωτός μου — Articular noun with possessive genitive μου: “my fellow prisoner.” συναιχμάλωτος is a compound word, Koine in tone.… Learn Koine GreekOverview of the Greek Language
The Greek language is one of the oldest and most influential languages in human history. With a documented linguistic tradition stretching back over 3,400 years, it is not only one of the earliest attested Indo-European languages but also one that has had a profound impact on philosophy, science, literature, theology, and law. The language has evolved through several historical phases, each marked by distinct phonological, morphological, and syntactical features. These include Proto-Greek, Mycenaean Greek, Ancient Greek, Koine Greek, Medieval Greek, and Modern Greek. This article will explore these periods with particular attention to Ancient Greek and its later form known as Koine Greek, especially as it appears in the New Testament.… Learn Koine Greek
Posted in Ancient Greek
Leave a comment
Productive Piety in Action: A Greek Study of Titus 3:14
Μανθανέτωσαν δὲ καὶ οἱ ἡμέτεροι καλῶν ἔργων προΐστασθαι εἰς τὰς ἀναγκαίας χρείας, ἵνα μὴ ὦσιν ἄκαρποι. (Titus 3:14)
And let our people also learn to devote themselves to good works for necessary needs, so that they may not be unfruitful.
Training the Church in Good Works μανθανέτωσαν – 3rd person plural present active imperative of μανθάνω, “to learn.” The imperative calls for an ongoing process of disciplined instruction. In Classical Greek, μανθάνω often meant “to understand” or “to become acquainted with,” but here it includes practical lifestyle formation. The use of the plural shows Paul’s concern for the entire community’s spiritual education.… Learn Koine Greek1 Corinthians 13:12 and the Greek of Mystery and Revelation
Βλέπομεν γὰρ ἄρτι δι’ ἐσόπτρου ἐν αἰνίγματι, τότε δὲ πρόσωπον πρὸς πρόσωπον· ἄρτι γινώσκω ἐκ μέρους, τότε δὲ ἐπιγνώσομαι καθὼς καὶ ἐπεγνώσθην. (1 Corinthians 13:12)
For now we see through a mirror, in a riddle; but then, face to face. Now I know in part, but then I shall fully know, just as I also have been fully known.
Mirror, Riddle, and the Horizon of Knowing βλέπομεν γὰρ ἄρτι δι’ ἐσόπτρου ἐν αἰνίγματι The present indicative βλέπομεν (“we see”) frames perception as current and continuous. The preposition δι’ + genitive ἐσόπτρου (“through a mirror”) suggests indirectness. In Classical usage, ἔσοπτρον refers to polished metal surfaces—not the glass mirrors we think of—often with dim or reversed images (cf.… Learn Koine GreekA Command Before God and the Governor: Witness and Confession
Παραγγέλλω σοι ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦ ζωοποιοῦντος τὰ πάντα καὶ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ μαρτυρήσαντος ἐπὶ Ποντίου Πιλάτου τὴν καλὴν ὁμολογίαν, (1 Timothy 6:13)
I charge you before God, who gives life to all things, and Christ Jesus, who testified the good confession before Pontius Pilate,
This verse, a solemn apostolic charge, invokes the highest heavenly authority and a poignant earthly moment: the confession of Christ before Pontius Pilate. Paul urges Timothy to live faithfully under the weight of this witness.
Koine Greek BreakdownFormal and juridical in tone, the sentence contains a compound prepositional phrase, articular participles, and genitive constructions of reverence.… Learn Koine Greek
Matthew 2:13 and the Greek of Divine Intervention and Urgency
Ἀναχωρησάντων δὲ αὐτῶν ἰδοὺ ἄγγελος Κυρίου φαίνεται κατ’ ὄναρ τῷ Ἰωσὴφ λέγων· ἐγερθεὶς παράλαβε τὸ παιδίον καὶ τὴν μητέρα αὐτοῦ καὶ φεῦγε εἰς Αἴγυπτον, καὶ ἴσθι ἐκεῖ ἕως ἂν εἴπω σοι· μέλλει γὰρ Ἡρῴδης ζητεῖν τὸ παιδίον τοῦ ἀπολέσαι αὐτό. (Matthew 2:13)
And after they had departed, behold, an angel of the LORD appears in a dream to Joseph, saying, “Rise, take the child and his mother and flee to Egypt, and stay there until I tell you, for Herod is about to seek the child to destroy him.”
Grammatical Precision and Narrative Speed Ἀναχωρησάντων δὲ αὐτῶν Genitive aorist participle of ἀναχωρέω (“to depart, withdraw”).… Learn Koine GreekThe Fiery Dragon Appears: A Greek Look at Revelation 12:3
Καὶ ὤφθη ἄλλο σημεῖον ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ, καὶ ἰδοὺ δράκων πυρρὸς μέγας, ἔχων κεφαλὰς ἑπτὰ καὶ κέρατα δέκα, καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς κεφαλὰς αὐτοῦ ἑπτὰ διαδήματα, (Revelation 12:3)
And another sign was seen in heaven: behold, a great fiery red dragon, having seven heads and ten horns, and on his heads seven crowns.
A Sign in the Skyκαὶ ὤφθη ἄλλο σημεῖον ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ – “And another sign appeared in heaven.”
ὤφθη – aorist passive of ὁράω, “to see,” meaning “was seen” or “appeared.” A divine, visionary passive. ἄλλο σημεῖον – “another sign.” σημεῖον refers to a symbolic vision, not a literal entity.… Learn Koine GreekPlotting the Death of a Sign: Classical and Koine Grammar in John 12:10
Ἐβουλεύσαντο δὲ οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς ἵνα καὶ τὸν Λάζαρον ἀποκτείνωσιν, (John 12:10)
But the chief priests deliberated that they might also kill Lazarus.
1. Key Grammatical Features in Koine Greek ἐβουλεύσαντο: Aorist middle indicative third person plural of βουλεύομαι (“to plan, deliberate”). The middle voice reflects internal deliberation or joint decision-making, common in Koine narrative to depict collaborative intent. δὲ: Postpositive conjunction used here to contrast the priests’ new plot with previous narrative developments. Koine retains δὲ frequently but uses it more loosely than Classical Greek. οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς: Nominative definite article with plural noun ἀρχιερεῖς (“chief priests”) marks the grammatical subject. Koine uses articles more consistently and extensively than Classical Greek.… Learn Koine GreekMatthew 12:10 and the Greek of Challenge and Strategy
Καὶ ἰδοὺ ἄνθρωπος ἦν ἐκεῖ τὴν χεῖρα ἔχων ξηράν· καὶ ἐπηρώτησαν αὐτὸν λέγοντες· εἰ ἔξεστι τοῖς σάββασι θεραπεύειν; ἵνα κατηγορήσωσιν αὐτοῦ. (Matthew 12:10)
And behold, there was a man there having a withered hand. And they asked him, saying, “Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbaths?”—so that they might accuse him.
Visual Setup and Legal Ambush καὶ ἰδοὺ ἄνθρωπος ἦν ἐκεῖ τὴν χεῖρα ἔχων ξηράν The interjection ἰδοὺ marks narrative alertness—“look!” or “behold!” The imperfect verb ἦν establishes the background: “there was a man.” τὴν χεῖρα ἔχων ξηράν is a participial phrase modifying the man: “having a withered hand.” ξηρά (“withered”) implies paralysis or muscular atrophy, a detail that draws attention to physical disability.… Learn Koine Greek