First of All: The Grammar of Intercession in 1 Timothy 2:1

Posted on March 31, 2025 by New Testament Greek
1 Timothy 2:1 Παρακαλῶ οὖν πρῶτον πάντων ποιεῖσθαι δεήσεις, προσευχάς, ἐντεύξεις, εὐχαριστίας, ὑπὲρ πάντων ἀνθρώπων Παρακαλῶ οὖν: A Pastoral Urging

The verb Παρακαλῶ is the present active indicative of παρακαλέω, meaning “I exhort,” “I urge,” or “I appeal.” The present tense emphasizes ongoing exhortation — Paul is not giving a one-time command but calling for a continuing practice.

The conjunction οὖν (“therefore” or “then”) links this exhortation to the preceding passage, likely referring to Paul’s charge concerning sound doctrine and gospel-centered ministry in chapter 1. The grammar signals that what follows is foundational.

πρῶτον πάντων: Before All Else

The phrase πρῶτον πάντων literally means “first of all.”… Learn Koine Greek

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2 Thessalonians 1:11 and the Greek of Intercession and Fulfillment

Posted on March 30, 2025 by Classical Greek
2 Thessalonians 1:11

εἰς ὃ καὶ προσευχόμεθα πάντοτε περὶ ὑμῶν, ἵνα ὑμᾶς ἀξιώσῃ τῆς κλήσεως ὁ Θεὸς ἡμῶν καὶ πληρώσῃ πᾶσαν εὐδοκίαν ἀγαθωσύνης καὶ ἔργον πίστεως ἐν δυνάμει,

Literal English Translation

To this end we also pray always concerning you, that our God may count you worthy of the calling, and fulfill every desire of goodness and work of faith in power,

Purpose and Perpetual Prayer εἰς ὃ… προσευχόμεθα πάντοτε The phrase εἰς ὃ (“unto which”) refers to the hope and glory mentioned in the previous verse. The present middle verb προσευχόμεθα (“we pray”) with πάντοτε (“always”) expresses continuous, habitual intercession.… Learn Koine Greek
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The Grammar of Humility: Jesus’ Arrival in Matthew 3:13

Posted on March 30, 2025 by New Testament Greek
Τότε παραγίνεται ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας ἐπὶ τὸν Ἰορδάνην πρὸς τὸν Ἰωάννην τοῦ βαπτισθῆναι ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ

Matthew’s language is quiet but deliberate. Jesus doesn’t declare, explain, or teach here—he simply comes. The grammar, though, speaks volumes. Every verb, preposition, and infinitive pulls the reader toward something deeply intentional: submission, purpose, and movement into God’s unfolding plan.

Grammatical Foundations

The verb παραγίνεται is in the present tense, though the context is clearly past. This is the historical present—a storytelling technique that draws the reader in. Jesus comes from Galilee, not “came,” making the action vivid, almost cinematic. It makes the reader pause and watch him arrive.… Learn Koine Greek

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Comparing Classical Greek and Koine Greek

Posted on March 29, 2025 by Classical Greek

Classical Greek and Koine Greek represent two major historical stages of the Greek language. Classical Greek, particularly the Attic dialect, was the literary and intellectual language of 5th–4th centuries BC Athens. Koine Greek, which emerged after the conquests of Alexander the Great, became the common spoken and written language across the Hellenistic world. This article explores the linguistic shifts between these stages in grammar, vocabulary, syntax, pronunciation, and usage.

1. Historical and Social Context

Classical Greek refers to the dialects used in the Classical period (roughly 500–300 BC), with Attic Greek being the most prestigious. It was the language of Plato, Sophocles, Thucydides, and other major figures in philosophy, literature, and politics.… Learn Koine Greek

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Hebrews 3:6 and the Greek of Sonship and Confidence

Posted on March 29, 2025 by New Testament Greek
Hebrews 3:6

Χριστὸς δὲ ὡς υἱὸς ἐπὶ τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ, οὗ οἶκός ἐσμεν ἡμεῖς, ἐὰνπερ τὴν παρρησίαν καὶ τὸ καύχημα τῆς ἐλπίδος μέχρι τέλους βεβαίαν κατάσχωμεν.

Literal English Translation

But Christ, as a Son over his house—whose house we are, if indeed we hold fast the confidence and the boast of hope firm to the end.

The Role of the Son and the People of the House Χριστὸς δὲ ὡς υἱὸς ἐπὶ τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ The phrase sets a contrast with Moses (v. 5), who was a servant “in” the house. Christ is a υἱός (“son”) ἐπὶ (“over”) his own house—indicating authority, not subordination.… Learn Koine Greek
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“μνείαν σου ποιούμενος ἐπὶ τῶν προσευχῶν μου”: Participial Thanksgiving and Remembrance in Philemon 4

Posted on March 29, 2025 by New Testament Greek
Introduction: Gratitude in the Form of Prayer

Paul opens his letter to Philemon with this tender line:

Εὐχαριστῶ τῷ Θεῷ μου πάντοτε μνείαν σου ποιούμενος ἐπὶ τῶν προσευχῶν μου “I thank my God always, making mention of you in my prayers.”

The participial phrase μνείαν σου ποιούμενος explains how and when Paul expresses his thanksgiving. The present tense of both the main verb and the participle expresses continual action, and the grammar reveals Paul’s relational depth and spiritual consistency.

This verse combines:

A present indicative verb of gratitude (Εὐχαριστῶ) A present middle participle (ποιούμενος) explaining the manner or circumstance of that thanksgiving A genitive object (μνείαν σου) — “remembrance of you” A prepositional phrase indicating location/context (ἐπὶ τῶν προσευχῶν μου) Morphological Breakdown Εὐχαριστῶ {efcharistṓ} – Root: εὐχαριστέω {eucharistéō}; Form: present active indicative, 1st person singular; Meaning: “I give thanks”; Notes: Regular epistolary opening for Paul; expresses ongoing gratitude.… Learn Koine Greek
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Greek Grammar Lesson from Luke 2:15

Posted on March 28, 2025 by New Testament Greek
Verse in Greek

Καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς ἀπῆλθον ἀπ’ αὐτῶν εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν οἱ ἄγγελοι, καὶ οἱ ἄνθρωποι οἱ ποιμένες εἶπον πρὸς ἀλλήλους· Διέλθωμεν δὴ ἕως Βηθλέεμ καὶ ἴδωμεν τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο τὸ γεγονὸς ὃ ὁ Κύριος ἐγνώρισεν ἡμῖν.

Focus Topic: Temporal Clause with ὡς and Hortatory Subjunctives

This narrative verse shows a shift from heavenly action to human response, structured through a temporal clause and two first-person plural subjunctives. The grammar emphasizes immediacy, resolution, and reverence.

Temporal Clause: ὡς ἀπῆλθον…οἱ ἄγγελοι

ὡς introduces a temporal clause, here meaning “when” or “after.” The main verb ἀπῆλθον is aorist indicative active, 3rd person plural from ἀπέρχομαι (“they departed”).… Learn Koine Greek

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Comparing Modern Greek and Koine Greek

Posted on March 28, 2025 by New Testament Greek

Modern Greek and Koine Greek, though genetically related, differ in numerous linguistic and historical respects. Koine Greek, the dialect of the Greek New Testament, emerged in the Hellenistic period as a common dialect (κοινή διάλεκτος) that unified various Greek dialects following the conquests of Alexander the Great. Modern Greek, on the other hand, is the result of centuries of linguistic evolution and simplification. This article offers a detailed comparison of the two, highlighting their distinctions in pronunciation, grammar, syntax, vocabulary, and usage.

1. Historical Context

Koine Greek was spoken from approximately 300 BC to 300 AD. It served as the lingua franca of the eastern Mediterranean and was the dialect in which the Septuagint (LXX), the New Testament, and the writings of the early Church Fathers were composed.… Learn Koine Greek

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Acts 20:10 and the Urgency of Apostolic Action

Posted on March 28, 2025 by Classical Greek
Acts 20:10 καταβὰς δὲ ὁ Παῦλος ἐπέπεσεν αὐτῷ καὶ συμπεριλαβὼν εἶπε· Μὴ θορυβεῖσθε· ἡ γὰρ ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ ἐστιν. Literal English Translation

But Paul went down, fell upon him, and embracing him said, “Do not be alarmed, for his soul is in him.”

Urgent Movement and Physical Compassion καταβὰς… ἐπέπεσεν αὐτῷ The aorist participle καταβάς (“having gone down”) describes Paul’s descent, likely from an upper floor. The verb ἐπέπεσεν (aorist active indicative of ἐπιπίπτω) literally means “fell upon.” This combination is dramatic and recalls Old Testament prophetic gestures (cf. 1 Kings 17:21, Elijah and the dead child). In Classical Greek, ἐπιπίπτω can suggest aggression or urgency—here it denotes compassionate immediacy.… Learn Koine Greek
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Comparative Greek Analysis: James 3:2 in Koine vs. Classical Greek

Posted on March 28, 2025 by Classical Greek
πολλὰ γὰρ πταίομεν ἅπαντες. εἴ τις ἐν λόγῳ οὐ πταίει, οὗτος τέλειος ἀνήρ, δυνατὸς χαλιναγωγῆσαι καὶ ὅλον τὸ σῶμα. (James 3:2)

For we all stumble in many ways. If anyone does not stumble in word, he is a perfect man, able to bridle also the whole body.

Grammar and Syntax Analysis (Koine Greek) πολλὰ γὰρ πταίομεν ἅπαντες – πολλὰ is an accusative neuter plural used adverbially: “in many ways” or “many times.” This construction is idiomatic in both Koine and Classical Greek. πταίομεν is present active indicative, 1st person plural of πταίω (“to stumble” or metaphorically “to err”). In Classical Greek (e.g.,… Learn Koine Greek
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