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Greek Lessons
- The Hour Had Not Yet Come: Divine Timing and Aorist Action in John 7:30
- Because of This Word: Perfect Tense and Power at a Distance
- The Greatest and the Least: Superlative Contrast and Kingdom Inversion in Luke 7:28
- Who Made You Judge? Participle and Aorist in the Voice of Rejection
- “To Be Thus Is Good”: Verbal Infinitives and Temporal Crisis in 1 Corinthians 7:26
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Category
Author Archives: Classical Greek
Comparative Greek Analysis: Mark 13:2 in Koine vs. Classical Greek
καὶ ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν αὐτῷ· Βλέπεις ταύτας τὰς μεγάλας οἰκοδομάς; οὐ μὴ ἀφεθῇ ὧδε λίθος ἐπὶ λίθον ὃς οὐ μὴ καταλυθῇ.
< And Jesus, having answered, said to him: Do you see these great buildings? There shall certainly not be left here one stone upon another that shall not be torn down. (Mark 13:2)
1. Structural Breakdown: Phrase-by-Phrase Parallel Commentary Phrase Koine Greek Usage Classical Greek Usage Key Insight καὶ ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν Typical Koine periphrastic participle construction: ἀποκριθεὶς (aorist passive participle) + εἶπεν (aorist active indicative). Used frequently in narrative Greek to convey action + speech. Classical authors tend to use either the finite verb alone or a simpler construction. The participle + verb combo exists, especially in Herodotus and Xenophon, but more varied in register. Koine formulaic style: common Gospel rhythm.… Learn Koine Greek
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Revelation 21:8 and the Greek of Judgment and Exclusion
τοῖς δὲ δειλοῖς καὶ ἀπίστοις καὶ ἐβδελυγμένοις καὶ φονεῦσι καὶ πόρνοις καὶ φαρμακοῖς καὶ εἰδωλολάτραις καὶ πᾶσι τοῖς ψευδέσι τὸ μέρος αὐτῶν ἐν τῇ λίμνῃ τῇ καιομένῃ ἐν πυρὶ καὶ θείῳ, ὅ ἐστιν ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερος.
But for the cowardly and the unbelieving and the abominable and murderers and the sexually immoral and sorcerers and idolaters and all liars, their part will be in the lake that burns with fire and sulfur, which is the second death. (Revelation 21:8)
Cataloging Condemnation: The Structure of Exclusion τοῖς δὲ δειλοῖς καὶ ἀπίστοις καὶ ἐβδελυγμένοις… This verse begins with a dative plural list of those excluded from the New Jerusalem.… Learn Koine GreekRevelation 5:13 and the Greek of Cosmic Doxology
καὶ πᾶν κτίσμα ὃ ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς καὶ ὑποκάτω τῆς γῆς καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς θαλάσσης ἐστί, καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐτοῖς πάντα, ἤκουσα λέγοντας· τῷ καθημένῳ ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου καὶ τῷ ἀρνίῳ ἡ εὐλογία καὶ ἡ τιμὴ καὶ ἡ δόξα καὶ τὸ κράτος εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων.
And every creature that is in heaven and on the earth and under the earth and on the sea, and all the things in them, I heard saying: “To the one seated on the throne and to the Lamb be the blessing and the honor and the glory and the power forever and ever.”… Learn Koine Greek
Comparative Greek Analysis: Hebrews 12:2 in Koine vs. Classical Greek
ἀφορῶντες εἰς τὸν τῆς πίστεως ἀρχηγὸν καὶ τελειωτὴν Ἰησοῦν, ὃς ἀντὶ τῆς προκειμένης αὐτῷ χαρᾶς ὑπέμεινε σταυρὸν, αἰσχύνης καταφρονήσας, ἐν δεξιᾷ τε τοῦ θρόνου τοῦ Θεοῦ κεκάθικεν.
Fixing our eyes on Jesus, the author and perfecter of faith, who, for the joy set before him, endured the cross, having despised the shame, and has sat down at the right hand of the throne of God. (Hebrews 12:2)
Grammar and Syntax Analysis (Koine Greek) ἀφορῶντες εἰς – Present active participle, nominative masculine plural, from ἀφοράω (“to look away to,” “to fix one’s gaze upon”). A uniquely Koine construction—Classical Greek prefers βλέπω or ὁρῶ for “look.”… Learn Koine GreekA Kiss of Fellowship: Classical and Koine Greek in 1 Corinthians 16:20
ἀσπάζονται ὑμᾶς οἱ ἀδελφοὶ πάντες. ἀσπάσασθε ἀλλήλους ἐν φιλήματι.
All the brothers greet you. Greet one another with a kiss. (1 Corinthians 16:20)
1. Key Grammatical Features in Koine Greek ἀσπάζονται: Present middle indicative third person plural of ἀσπάζομαι (“to greet”). Koine often uses the middle for reflexive or reciprocal social actions like greetings, blessings, or farewells. ὑμᾶς: Accusative plural pronoun serving as the object of ἀσπάζονται. Koine tends to explicitly include pronouns for clarity and emphasis in community-focused exhortations. οἱ ἀδελφοὶ πάντες: Subject phrase with definite article and adjective. Koine often places the adjective after the noun for emphasis—“the brothers, all of them.”… Learn Koine GreekThe Folded Cloth: Classical and Koine Greek in John 20:7
καὶ τὸ σουδάριον, ὃ ἦν ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ, οὐ μετὰ τῶν ὀθονίων κείμενον, ἀλλὰ χωρὶς ἐντετυλιγμένον εἰς ἕνα τόπον.
and the face cloth, which had been upon his head, not lying with the linen wrappings, but folded separately in one place. (John 20:7)
1. Key Grammatical Features in Koine Greek τὸ σουδάριον: Neuter singular noun with article; σουδάριον is a loanword (Latin sudarium, “face cloth”). Koine frequently incorporates such Latinisms in narrative vocabulary, especially in Roman contexts. ὃ ἦν: Relative pronoun ὃ introducing a relative clause with the imperfect indicative of εἰμί (“it was”). The imperfect ἦν expresses past continuous location or condition.… Learn Koine GreekThe Vine and the Vinedresser: A Koine and Classical Greek Comparison of John 15:2
Πᾶν κλῆμα ἐν ἐμοὶ μὴ φέρον καρπόν, αἴρει αὐτό, καὶ πᾶν τὸ καρπὸν φέρον, καθαίρει αὐτὸ, ἵνα πλείονα καρπὸν φέρῃ.
Every branch in me that does not bear fruit, he removes it; and every branch that bears fruit, he prunes it so that it may bear more fruit. (John 15:2)
Koine Greek Grammar and Syntax Analysis πᾶν κλῆμα — Neuter singular: “every branch.” πᾶν modifies κλῆμα (“branch”), metaphorically representing individuals connected to Jesus. ἐν ἐμοὶ — Prepositional phrase with dative: “in me.” Indicates relational union with Christ, a theological motif common in John. μὴ φέρον καρπόν — Negative participial phrase: “not bearing fruit.”… Learn Koine GreekPersonal Greetings and Apostolic Instructions: A Koine and Classical Greek Comparison of Colossians 4:10
Ἀσπάζεται ὑμᾶς Ἀρίσταρχος ὁ συναιχμάλωτός μου, καὶ Μᾶρκος ὁ ἀνεψιὸς Βαρνάβα, περὶ οὗ ἐλάβετε ἐντολάς· ἐὰν ἔλθῃ πρὸς ὑμᾶς δέξασθε αὐτόν,
Aristarchus, my fellow prisoner, greets you, and Mark, the cousin of Barnabas (concerning whom you received instructions—if he comes to you, welcome him), (Colossians 4:10)
Koine Greek Grammar and Syntax Analysis Ἀσπάζεται ὑμᾶς — Present middle/passive indicative, 3rd singular of ἀσπάζομαι: “greets you.” Typical epistolary verb in Koine. Ἀρίσταρχος — Nominative subject of ἀσπάζεται, a known companion of Paul. Apposition follows. ὁ συναιχμάλωτός μου — Articular noun with possessive genitive μου: “my fellow prisoner.” συναιχμάλωτος is a compound word, Koine in tone.… Learn Koine Greek