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Greek Lessons
- The Grammar of Perception and Presence
- Opened Eyes and Stern Silence: Syntax and Tension in Matthew 9:30
- Shining Like Lightning: Syntax, Transformation, and Prayer in Luke 9:29
- The Syntax of Survival: Postdiluvian Duration in a Simple Sentence
- Confession in the Aorist: Pharaoh’s Syntax of Contrition
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Category
Author Archives: Classical Greek
The Cry of the Eagle: Apocalyptic Urgency in Koine and Classical Perspective
Καὶ εἶδον καὶ ἤκουσα ἑνὸς ἀετοῦ πετομένου ἐν μεσουρανήματι, λέγοντος φωνῇ μεγάλῃ· οὐαὶ, οὐαὶ, οὐαὶ τοὺς κατοικοῦντας ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἐκ τῶν λοιπῶν φωνῶν τῆς σάλπιγγος τῶν τριῶν ἀγγέλων τῶν μελλόντων σαλπίζειν. (Revelation 8:13)
And I saw and I heard one eagle flying in midheaven, saying with a great voice: “Woe, woe, woe to those dwelling on the earth, because of the remaining blasts of the trumpet of the three angels who are about to sound.”
Koine Greek Grammar and Syntax Καὶ εἶδον καὶ ἤκουσα: Two aorist active indicatives (1st singular of ὁράω and ἀκούω). The repetition underscores sensory immediacy — John both sees and hears the vision.… Learn Koine GreekChains of Darkness: Koine Imagery vs Classical Expression
Ἀγγέλους τε τοὺς μὴ τηρήσαντας τὴν ἑαυτῶν ἀρχὴν, ἀλλὰ ἀπολιπόντας τὸ ἴδιον οἰκητήριον εἰς κρίσιν μεγάλης ἡμέρας δεσμοῖς ἀϊδίοις ὑπὸ ζόφον τετήρηκεν· (Jude 6)
And angels who did not keep their own domain but abandoned their proper dwelling, he has kept in eternal chains under gloom for the judgment of the great day.
Koine Greek Grammar and Syntax BreakdownThis verse abounds with solemn imagery. Koine syntax favors participial description that flows toward the climactic verb τετήρηκεν (“he has kept”).
τοὺς μὴ τηρήσαντας: Aorist active participle, accusative plural masculine, “those who did not keep.” Defines the angels by negated action. τὴν ἑαυτῶν ἀρχὴν: Reflexive pronoun + noun “domain, principality.”… Learn Koine GreekHebrews 5:5 and the Language of Appointment and Honor
Οὕτω καὶ ὁ Χριστὸς οὐχ ἑαυτὸν ἐδόξασε γενηθῆναι ἀρχιερέα, ἀλλ’ ὁ λαλήσας πρὸς αὐτόν· υἱός μου εἶ σύ, ἐγὼ σήμερον γεγέννηκά σε· (Hebrews 5:5)
Literal English TranslationSo also the Anointed One did not glorify himself to become high priest, but the one who spoke to him said: “You are my Son, today I have begotten you.”
Not Self-Glorified, But God-Spoken οὕτω καὶ ὁ Χριστός οὐχ ἑαυτὸν ἐδόξασε The phrase opens with οὕτω καὶ (“so also”), drawing an analogy to the preceding priestly principle: no one takes the honor upon himself. ἐδόξασε is aorist active indicative of δοξάζω (“to glorify, honor”), here with a reflexive pronoun ἑαυτὸν.… Learn Koine GreekRomans 15:15 and the Language of Apostolic Modesty
Τολμηρότερον δὲ ἔγραψα ὑμῖν, ἀδελφοί, ἀπὸ μέρους, ὡς ἐπαναμιμνήσκων ὑμᾶς, διὰ τὴν χάριν τὴν δοθεῖσάν μοι ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ (Romans 15:15)
But I have written to you more boldly, brothers, in part, as reminding you again, because of the grace that was given to me by God.
Gentle Boldness in Greek Thought
τολμηρότερον δὲ ἔγραψα
The adverbial comparative τολμηρότερον (“more boldly”) reveals Paul’s self-awareness. In Classical Greek, τολμάω and its derivatives often carry the nuance of daring, sometimes negatively (e.g., Euripides: reckless courage). Here, the tone is tempered—he acknowledges audacity but cloaks it in pastoral affection. ἔγραψα is aorist active: the action is complete, but the tone is still deferential.… Learn Koine Greek
Final Greetings in Faith and Grace (Titus 3:15)
Ἀσπάζονταί σε οἱ μετ’ ἐμοῦ πάντες. ἄσπασαι τοὺς φιλοῦντας ἡμᾶς ἐν πίστει. Ἡ χάρις μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν· ἀμήν. (Titus 3:15)
All those who are with me greet you. Greet those who love us in faith. Grace be with you all. Amen.
This closing verse blends personal affection with communal benediction. It emphasizes Christian fellowship and shared loyalty “in faith,” sealing the letter with a wish for grace and unity.
Koine Greek BreakdownThe sentence structure is simple yet rich in relational language, featuring middle-passive verbs, dative constructions, and an elegant benediction formula.
Present Middle/Passive Indicative: Ἀσπάζονται — “they greet” (reflexive and social in tone) Imperative Middle: ἄσπασαι — “greet!”… Learn Koine GreekRomans 15:2 and the Greek of Edifying Love
Ἕκαστος ἡμῶν τῷ πλησίον ἀρεσκέτω εἰς τὸ ἀγαθὸν πρὸς οἰκοδομήν· (Romans 15:2)
Let each of us please his neighbor for the good, for building up.
Exhortation and Syntax of Selflessness ἕκαστος ἡμῶν – “Each of us.” The word ἕκαστος is emphatic and distributive, placing responsibility on every individual. In Classical Greek, it often appears in deliberative or moral contexts, especially in ethical exhortations.τῷ πλησίον ἀρεσκέτω – “Let him please the neighbor.” The dative τῷ πλησίον (“to the neighbor”) is the object of the verb ἀρεσκέτω, the third person singular present active imperative of ἀρέσκω (“to please”). This verb, especially in Pauline usage, connotes voluntarily accommodating others for their benefit, not flattery.… Learn Koine Greek
The Vine and the Vinedresser: A Koine and Classical Greek Comparison of John 15:2
Πᾶν κλῆμα ἐν ἐμοὶ μὴ φέρον καρπόν, αἴρει αὐτό, καὶ πᾶν τὸ καρπὸν φέρον, καθαίρει αὐτὸ, ἵνα πλείονα καρπὸν φέρῃ. (John 15:2)
Every branch in me that does not bear fruit, he removes it; and every branch that bears fruit, he prunes it so that it may bear more fruit.
Koine Greek Grammar and Syntax Analysis πᾶν κλῆμα — Neuter singular: “every branch.” πᾶν modifies κλῆμα (“branch”), metaphorically representing individuals connected to Jesus. ἐν ἐμοὶ — Prepositional phrase with dative: “in me.” Indicates relational union with Christ, a theological motif common in John. μὴ φέρον καρπόν — Negative participial phrase: “not bearing fruit.”… Learn Koine GreekPersonal Greetings and Apostolic Instructions: A Koine and Classical Greek Comparison of Colossians 4:10
Ἀσπάζεται ὑμᾶς Ἀρίσταρχος ὁ συναιχμάλωτός μου, καὶ Μᾶρκος ὁ ἀνεψιὸς Βαρνάβα, περὶ οὗ ἐλάβετε ἐντολάς· ἐὰν ἔλθῃ πρὸς ὑμᾶς δέξασθε αὐτόν, (Colossians 4:10)
Aristarchus, my fellow prisoner, greets you, and Mark, the cousin of Barnabas (concerning whom you received instructions—if he comes to you, welcome him),
Koine Greek Grammar and Syntax Analysis Ἀσπάζεται ὑμᾶς — Present middle/passive indicative, 3rd singular of ἀσπάζομαι: “greets you.” Typical epistolary verb in Koine. Ἀρίσταρχος — Nominative subject of ἀσπάζεται, a known companion of Paul. Apposition follows. ὁ συναιχμάλωτός μου — Articular noun with possessive genitive μου: “my fellow prisoner.” συναιχμάλωτος is a compound word, Koine in tone.… Learn Koine GreekProductive Piety in Action: A Greek Study of Titus 3:14
Μανθανέτωσαν δὲ καὶ οἱ ἡμέτεροι καλῶν ἔργων προΐστασθαι εἰς τὰς ἀναγκαίας χρείας, ἵνα μὴ ὦσιν ἄκαρποι. (Titus 3:14)
And let our people also learn to devote themselves to good works for necessary needs, so that they may not be unfruitful.
Training the Church in Good Works μανθανέτωσαν – 3rd person plural present active imperative of μανθάνω, “to learn.” The imperative calls for an ongoing process of disciplined instruction. In Classical Greek, μανθάνω often meant “to understand” or “to become acquainted with,” but here it includes practical lifestyle formation. The use of the plural shows Paul’s concern for the entire community’s spiritual education.… Learn Koine GreekA Command Before God and the Governor: Witness and Confession
Παραγγέλλω σοι ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦ ζωοποιοῦντος τὰ πάντα καὶ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ μαρτυρήσαντος ἐπὶ Ποντίου Πιλάτου τὴν καλὴν ὁμολογίαν, (1 Timothy 6:13)
I charge you before God, who gives life to all things, and Christ Jesus, who testified the good confession before Pontius Pilate,
This verse, a solemn apostolic charge, invokes the highest heavenly authority and a poignant earthly moment: the confession of Christ before Pontius Pilate. Paul urges Timothy to live faithfully under the weight of this witness.
Koine Greek BreakdownFormal and juridical in tone, the sentence contains a compound prepositional phrase, articular participles, and genitive constructions of reverence.… Learn Koine Greek
