New Testament Greek

Punctuation In The Greek New Testament

Posted on March 10, 2011 by New Testament Greek

In the edition of the New Testament down to that of Griesbach inclusive, the punctuation was not only deficient in uniformity, but was also excessive. To make the meaning clearer, editors introduced a profusion of stops, especially commas; and in doing this often intruded on the text their own interpretation of it. Knapp was the first who bestowed closer attention on the subject, and attempted to reduce it to fixed principles. Schulz, Lachmann, and Tischendorf (who usually agrees with Lachmann), have followed in the same track, but with still greater reserve: no one of these however, has given a general exposition of his principles.… Learn Koine Greek

Posted in Grammar | Tagged colon, comma, Georg Benedikt Winer, Griesbach, Lachmann, punctuation, Tischendorf | Leave a comment

The Origin of the Greek Definite Article

Posted on March 5, 2011 by New Testament Greek

The Sanskrit and Latin did not develop any article at all, and the Greek never developed the indefinite usage to any extent. Moreover, the Greek was slow in creating the definite article, though in Homer we do have the beginning of the article. The forms ο, η, το are occasionally used in Homer with the force of “the,” chiefly with adjectives, proper names, or for contrast. It is just in Homer that we see the evolution of the article, for this same form ο, η, το is very common here as a demonstrative and appears also as a relative. Hence ο is originally a demonstrative that was gradually weakened to the article or heightened to the relative.… Learn Koine Greek

Posted in Beginners | Tagged A.T. Robertson, demonstative, relative, η, ο, ο δε, ο ην, ον δε, ον μεν, ος, ος δε, ος μεν, το | Leave a comment

The Indefinite Article In Greek

Posted on March 2, 2011 by New Testament Greek

The Latin had no article, as the Greek has no indefinite article. Not even in the modern Greek has the indefinite article of the Teutonic and Roman tounges developed, though occasionally εις or τις is used with little more force than the English a (an). Even in the New Testament we see traces of this use of εις in Mat 8:19 where εις γραμματευς is equivalent to “a” in English

Matthew 8:19 και προσελθων εις γραμματευς ειπεν αυτω διδασκαλε ακολουθησω σοι οπου εαν απερχη

and a certain scribe having come, said to him, `Teacher, I will follow thee wherever thou mayest go

In fact, the English one, Scotch ane, French un, German ein is simply the cardinal “one” adapted to this very usage.… Learn Koine Greek

Posted in Beginners | Tagged A.T. Robertson, εις, τις | Leave a comment

Comparison of Adjectives

Posted on March 1, 2011 by New Testament Greek

There are two general forms.

(1) First Form

Comparative -τερος -τερα -τερον

Superlative -τατος -τατη -τατον

(a) These terminations are added to the adjective stem. Thus:-

πιστος faithful

πιστοτερος πιστοτερα πιστοτερον – more faithful

ευγενης noble

ευγενεστερος ευγενετερα ευγενετερον – more noble

Βαθυς – deep

Βαθυτερος Βαθυτερα Βαθυτερον – deeper

and :-

πιστοτατος πιστοτατη πιστοτατον – most faithful

ευγενεστατος ευγενεστατη ευγενεστατον – most noble

Βαθυτατος Βαθυτατη Βαθυτατον – deepest

(b) The stem-ending ο (in the First Form of adjectives) when preceded by a short vowel, is changed in the comparative and superlative into ω. Thus:-

σοφος wise

σοφωτερος σοφωτερα σοφωτερον – wiser

σοφωτατος σοφωτατη σοφωτατον – wisest

νεος new

νεωτερος νεωτερα νεωτερον newer

νεωτατος νεωτατη νεωτατον newest

(c) The declension of the First form of comparative and superltive follows that of the First Form of the adjectives.… Learn Koine Greek

Posted in Grammar | Tagged Adjectives | Leave a comment

The Voices of the Greek Verb

Posted on February 27, 2011 by New Testament Greek

The system of three voices of the verb – active (transitive), passive (instransitive), and middle (i.e. transitive with the reference to the subject) – remains on the whole the same in the New Testament as in the classical language. In the former, as in the latter, it frequently happens in the case of individual verbs that by a certain arbitrariness of the language this or that voice becomes the established and recognized form for a particular meaning, to the exclusion of another voice, which might perhaps appear more appropriate to this meaning. It is therefore a difficult matter to arrive at any general conception for each of the voices, which when applied to particular cases is not bound at once to become subject to limitation or even contradiction.… Learn Koine Greek

Posted in Grammar | Tagged active, Aποκρινομαι, Friedrich Wilhelm Blass, intransitive, passive, transitive, αγαμαι, απεκριθην, απεκριναμην, αποθανουμαι, αποθνησκω, αποκριθησομαι, αποκρινουμαι, απολωλα, δραμουμαι, εδραμον, εστηκα, εστην, εστησαμην, εφανην, εφανθην, ηγασθην, θαυμαζομαι, θαυμαζω, θαυμασθησομαι, θαυμασομαι, θρεξομαι, ισταμαι, λυπουμαι, σταθησομαι, τεξοσομαι, τικτω, τυπτομαι, τυπτω, φαανθην, χαιρω | Leave a comment

Greek Numerals

Posted on February 25, 2011 by New Testament Greek

(1) Δυο has genitive δυο, dative δυσιν (plural inflection). (2) In compounds of δεκα with units, at least from thirteen upwards, δεκα occupies the first place (this practice is more frequent in later language than in the older: in modern Greek except in the case of eleven and twelve, it is universal): (i) δεκατεσσαρες in Matthew 1:17

πασαι ουν αι γενεαι απο αβρααμ εως δαβιδ γενεαι δεκατεσσαρες και απο δαβιδ εως της μετοικεσιας βαβυλωνος γενεαι δεκατεσσαρες και απο της μετοικεσιας βαβυλωνος εως του χριστου γενεαι δεκατεσσαρες All the generations, therefore, from Abraham unto David are fourteen generations, and from David unto the Babylonian removal fourteen generations, and from the Babylonian removal unto the Christ, fourteen generations.… Learn Koine Greek

Posted in Grammar | Tagged cardinals, compound numbers, numbers, numerals, ordinals | Leave a comment

What Is Koine Greek

Posted on February 23, 2011 by New Testament Greek

Koine Greek (Ελληνιστική Κοινή) “Hellenistic common (language)”; or ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος, “the common dialect” is the popular form of the Greek language spoken throughout post-Classical antiquity (c.300 BC – 300 A.D.), developing from the Attic dialect, with admixture of elements especially from Ionic. Koine Greek arose as a common dialect within the armies of Alexander the Great. Under the leadership of Macedon, which colonized the known world, their newly formed common dialect was spoken from Egypt to Mesopotamia. Though elements of Koine Greek took shape during the Classical Era, the post-Classical period of Greek is defined as beginning with the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C.,… Learn Koine Greek

Posted in Grammar | Tagged koine, Koine Greek, διάλεκτος, Ελληνιστική Κοινή, Κοινή | Leave a comment

Greek Adjectives

Posted on February 21, 2011 by New Testament Greek

An adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified. Every word joined to a substantive, in the character or quality of an adjective, (as adjectives, participles, pronouns, articles) must agree with the noun in number, gender, and case. Greek adjectives follow precisely the inflection of Substantives. Every declension, almost every form, reappears, but in different combinations.

In respect of form, adjectives are divided into three classes:

(i) Those which combine the first and second declension. (ii) Those which combine the first and third declension. (iii) Those which follow exclusively the type of the third declension.… Learn Koine Greek

Posted in Grammar | Tagged Adjectives | Leave a comment

The Greek Sentence

Posted on February 20, 2011 by New Testament Greek

(1) The sentence is an expression of an idea and is complex. The subject and predicate are essential to the complete expression of a sentence, which may be very brief. Indeed one word may have both as απεχει (Mark 14:41).

Mark 14:41 και ερχεται το τριτον και λεγει αυτοις καθευδετε το λοιπον και αναπαυεσθε απεχει ηλθεν η ωρα ιδου παραδιδοται ο υιος του ανθρωπου εις τας χειρας των αμαρτωλω

And he cometh the third time, and saith to them, `Sleep on henceforth, and rest – it is over; the hour did come; lo, the Son of Man is delivered up to the hands of the sinful;

Indeed the sentence does not absolutely require the expression of either subject or predicate.… Learn Koine Greek

Posted in Grammar | Tagged A.T. Robertson, asyndeton, predicate, sentence, subject, ἀσύνδετον | Leave a comment

Greek Personal Pronouns: Nominative Case

Posted on February 19, 2011 by New Testament Greek

The Personal Pronouns, in the Nominative Case

A personal pronoun, when expressed as the subject of a verb, is usually, if not always, emphatic.

(1) εγω εχω I have

ο δε ιωαννης διεκωλυεν αυτον λεγων εγω χρειαν εχω υπο σου βαπτισθηναι και συ ερχη προς με (Matthew 3:14)

but John was forbidding him, saying, `I have need by thee to be baptized–and thou dost come unto me!’

(2) συ εχεις Thou hast, You (singular) have

συ πιστιν εχεις κατα σαυτον εχε ενωπιον του θεου μακαριος ο μη κρινων εαυτον εν ω δοκιμαζει (Romans 14:22)

You (singular) have faith! to thyself have it before God; happy is he who is not judging himself in what he doth approve,

(3) ημεις εχομεν We have

απεκριθησαν αυτω οι ιουδαιοι ημεις νομον εχομεν και κατα τον νομον ημων οφειλει αποθανειν οτι εαυτον υιον του θεου εποιησεν (John 19:7)

the Jews answered him, `We have a law, and according to our law he ought to die, for he made himself Son of God.’… Learn Koine Greek

Posted in Grammar | Tagged nominative case, personal pronouns, verb | Leave a comment

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Punctuation In The Greek New Testament

The Origin of the Greek Definite Article

The Indefinite Article In Greek

Comparison of Adjectives

The Voices of the Greek Verb

Greek Numerals

What Is Koine Greek

Greek Adjectives

The Greek Sentence

Greek Personal Pronouns: Nominative Case

Greek Lessons

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NT Greek Archives

NT Greek Vocabulary

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