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Greek Lessons
- Grammatical Resistance: Pharaoh’s Syntax of Control in Exodus 10:11
- The Accusation in Quotation: Pauline Perception and Koine Rhetoric
- Healing and Heralding: The Grammar of Kingdom Nearness
- The Word Near You: Syntax, Faith, and the Internalization of Truth in Romans 10:8
- Synonyms: Image and Likeness: εἰκών, ὁμοίωσις, and ὁμοίωμα in the Greek New Testament
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Category
Author Archives: New Testament Greek
Greeting the Approved: Grammatical Warmth and Communal Recognition in Romans 16:10
Ἀσπάσασθε Ἀπελλῆν τὸν δόκιμον ἐν Χριστῷ. ἀσπάσασθε τοὺς ἐκ τῶν Ἀριστοβούλου. (Romans 16:10)
Greet Apelles, the approved in Christ. Greet those from the household of Aristobulus.
Personalized Fellowship: Literary and Theological Context of Romans 16:10This verse forms part of Paul’s extended list of personal greetings in Romans 16—a rare and precious window into the relational texture of the early church. Here, grammar serves the theological and communal function of acknowledging believers by name and status. The imperative structure, participial modifiers, and prepositional phrases together establish a tone of warmth, respect, and communal solidarity rooted in union with Christ.
Grammatical Feature Analysis: Imperatives and Participial ModificationEach greeting uses the imperative:
ἀσπάσασθε — aorist middle imperative, 2nd person plural from ἀσπάζομαι (“to greet, to salute, to embrace verbally or physically”).… Learn Koine Greek“ὁ ὀφθείς σοι ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ ᾗ ἤρχου”: Divine Passive and Relative Clause in Acts 9:17
The One Who Appeared
Ananias says to Saul: ὁ κύριος ἀπέσταλκέ με, ὁ ὀφθείς σοι ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ ᾗ ἤρχου — “the Lord has sent me, the one who appeared to you on the road where you were going.”
This relative clause identifies who sent Ananias. The clause is deeply theological—it ties Ananias’s mission directly to the risen Christ, who appeared to Saul on the Damascus road. The key verb is a divine passive (ὀφθείς) and the clause includes a locative relative construction (ᾗ ἤρχου).
Σαοὺλ ἀδελφέ, ὁ κύριος ἀπέσταλκέ με, ὁ ὀφθείς σοι ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ ᾗ ἤρχου, ὅπως ἀναβλέψῃς, καὶ πλησθῇς Πνεύματος ἁγίου.… Learn Koine Greek“ὅπως ἀναβλέψῃς, καὶ πλησθῇς Πνεύματος ἁγίου”: Coordinated Subjunctives of Purpose in Acts 9:17
Healing and Filling on the Damascus Road
In Acts 9:17, Ananias speaks to Saul (later Paul) with words full of meaning and divine intention: ὁ κύριος… ἀπέσταλκέ με… ὅπως ἀναβλέψῃς, καὶ πλησθῇς Πνεύματος ἁγίου.
This clause, introduced by ὅπως, contains two aorist subjunctives—ἀναβλέψῃς and πλησθῇς—joined by καί. The result is a dual-purpose expression: restoration of sight and reception of the Holy Spirit. The grammar reveals that both outcomes are tied together, both miraculous and missional.
Σαοὺλ ἀδελφέ, ὁ κύριος ἀπέσταλκέ με, ὁ ὀφθείς σοι ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ ᾗ ἤρχου, ὅπως ἀναβλέψῃς, καὶ πλησθῇς Πνεύματος ἁγίου.Let us focus on the final purpose clause of Acts 9:17:
ὅπως ἀναβλέψῃς, καὶ πλησθῇς Πνεύματος ἁγίου — “so that you may regain sight and be filled with the Holy Spirit.”… Learn Koine Greek
“ἀπέσταλκέ με”: Perfect Commissioning in Acts 9:17
Ἀπῆλθε δὲ Ἁνανίας καὶ εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν, καὶ ἐπιθεὶς ἐπ’ αὐτὸν τὰς χεῖρας εἶπε· Σαοὺλ ἀδελφέ, ὁ κύριος ἀπέσταλκέ με, Ἰησοῦς ὁ ὀφθείς σοι ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ ᾗ ἤρχου, ὅπως ἀναβλέψῃς καὶ πλησθῇς Πνεύματος ἁγίου. (Acts 9:17)
So Ananias departed and entered the house, and laying his hands on him, he said, “Saul, brother, the Lord, Jesus who appeared to you on the road by which you were coming, has sent me, so that you may regain sight and be filled with the Holy Spirit.”
Sent by the Risen LordWhen Ananias speaks to Saul, he declares: ὁ κύριος ἀπέσταλκέ με — “the Lord has sent me.”… Learn Koine Greek
An Open Door and Many Opponents: Tension in the Grammar of Opportunity
Θύρα γάρ μοι ἀνέῳγε μεγάλη καὶ ἐνεργής, καὶ ἀντικείμενοι πολλοί. (1 Corinthians 16:9)
For a great and effective door has been opened to me, and there are many who oppose.
In this striking verse, Paul describes both opportunity and opposition in one breath: θύρα γάρ μοι ἀνέῳγε μεγάλη καὶ ἐνεργής, καὶ ἀντικείμενοι πολλοί from 1 Corinthians 16:9. Greek grammar reinforces the tension: a perfect verb reveals divine initiative, while asyndeton and adjective-noun constructions convey magnitude and power. Paul sees not a contradiction but a conjunction — one only possible in the grammatical logic of faith.
Grammatical Highlights θύρα — nominative feminine singular; subject of the main verb, metaphorical for opportunity.… Learn Koine GreekMark 13:9 and the Greek of Warning and Witness
Βλέπετε δὲ ὑμεῖς ἑαυτούς. παραδώσουσι γὰρ ὑμᾶς εἰς συνέδρια καὶ ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν δαρήσεσθε, καὶ ἐπὶ ἡγεμόνων καὶ βασιλέων σταθήσεσθε ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ εἰς μαρτύριον αὐτοῖς. (Mark 13:9)
But watch yourselves. For they will hand you over to councils, and in their synagogues you will be beaten, and before governors and kings you will stand because of me, as a testimony to them.
Imperative Alertness and Legal Threat Βλέπετε δὲ ὑμεῖς ἑαυτούς The present active imperative βλέπετε (“watch, be vigilant”) combined with the reflexive pronoun ἑαυτούς (“yourselves”) gives a strong warning: this is personal, not abstract. The explicit subject ὑμεῖς adds emphasis.… Learn Koine GreekAmbition Toward the Invisible: Participles and Purpose in 2 Corinthians 5:9
Διὸ καὶ φιλοτιμούμεθα, εἴτε ἐνδημοῦντες εἴτε ἐκδημοῦντες, εὐάρεστοι αὐτῷ εἶναι. (2 Corinthians 5:9)
Therefore we also strive, whether at home or away, to be pleasing to Him.
Living to Please the Unseen JudgeThis verse unfolds Paul’s deepest drive: the desire to be found pleasing to the Lord, whether in life or death, presence or absence. The syntax is deliberate, layered with participial motion and verb-subject dynamics that reveal a life of holy ambition grounded in eschatological accountability.
This study explores:
The middle voice nuance of φιλοτιμούμεθα as sacred ambition The syntactic pairing εἴτε ἐνδημοῦντες εἴτε ἐκδημοῦντες as a rhetorical balance The infinitival purpose clause εὐάρεστοι αὐτῷ εἶναι and its theological force φιλοτιμούμεθα – Holy Aspiration in the Middle VoiceThe central verb φιλοτιμούμεθα comes from φιλοτιμέομαι, meaning “to aspire,” “to strive eagerly,” or “to consider it an honor.”… Learn Koine Greek
Greek Grammar Lesson from Romans 8:16
Αὐτὸ τὸ Πνεῦμα συμμαρτυρεῖ τῷ πνεύματι ἡμῶν ὅτι ἐσμὲν τέκνα Θεοῦ. (Romans 8:16)
The Spirit itself bears witness with our spirit that we are children of God.
Dative of Association and Content Clause with ὅτιThis verse presents a profound theological truth through syntactical precision. It features a present active indicative verb of joint testimony, a dative of association, and a content clause that functions as the message being confirmed.
Emphatic Subject: αὐτὸ τὸ Πνεῦμααὐτὸ τὸ Πνεῦμα (“the Spirit itself”) is emphatically placed. The use of the neuter form with the article and pronoun intensifies the identity and action of the Holy Spirit.… Learn Koine Greek
Brought In, Carried Out: Verb Morphology and Eternal Perspective
Οὐδὲν γὰρ εἰσηνέγκαμεν εἰς τὸν κόσμον, δῆλον ὅτι οὐδὲ ἐξενεγκεῖν τι δυνάμεθα·
(1 Timothy 6:7)
For we brought nothing into the world; it is clear that we are not able to carry anything out either.
Three Verbs Framing a Life TruthThis compact verse expresses a profound theological truth about human existence and material detachment, using three critical Greek verbs:
εἰσηνέγκαμεν — aorist active indicative, “we brought in” ἐξενεγκεῖν — aorist active infinitive, “to carry out” δυνάμεθα — present middle/passive indicative, “we are able”Each verb not only serves its syntactic function but also shapes how Paul communicates the transience of material gain and the limits of human power.… Learn Koine Greek
Matthew 27:3 in Historical Greek Expression
Τότε ἰδὼν Ἰούδας ὁ παραδιδοὺς αὐτὸν ὅτι κατεκρίθη, μεταμεληθεὶς ἀπέστρεψε τὰ τριάκοντα ἀργύρια τοῖς ἀρχιερεῦσι καὶ πρεσβυτέροις (Matthew 27:3)
Then Judas, the one who betrayed him, seeing that he was condemned, regretted it and returned the thirty silver coins to the chief priests and elders.
Nuances in Greek Motion and Emotion ἰδὼν… ὅτι κατεκρίθη The aorist participle ἰδών (“having seen”) introduces the cause of his regret. The subordinate clause ὅτι κατεκρίθη uses the aorist passive κατεκρίθη (“he was condemned”), a forensic verb used both in Classical and Koine Greek for legal verdicts. In Plato or Lysias, it often appears in courtroom orations.… Learn Koine Greek