Written by My Own Hand: Emphasis and Intimacy in Galatians 6:11

Posted on November 1, 2021 by New Testament Greek
Ἴδετε πηλίκοις ὑμῖν γράμμασιν ἔγραψα τῇ ἐμῇ χειρί

Galatians 6:11 marks a dramatic shift in tone and presentation. Paul, after dictating the letter through a scribe (as was common practice), now takes the stylus himself. The Greek draws attention to the act of writing and the form of the letters. It’s a moment of personal emphasis and visual signature, charged with apostolic authority and emotional urgency.

Grammatical Foundations

The verse begins with the imperative Ἴδετε—“See!” or “Look!” It is a present active imperative, 2nd person plural from ὁράω, functioning as a direct call to attention.

The phrase πηλίκοις ὑμῖν γράμμασιν is striking.… Learn Koine Greek

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Greek Grammar Lesson from Galatians 6:10

Posted on October 6, 2021 by New Testament Greek
Galatians 6:10

ἄρα οὖν ὡς καιρὸν ἔχομεν, ἐργαζώμεθα τὸ ἀγαθὸν πρὸς πάντας, μάλιστα δὲ πρὸς τοὺς οἰκείους τῆς πίστεως.

Focus Topic: Hortatory Subjunctive and Temporal Clause with ὡς

This verse combines logical inference, temporal awareness, and ethical exhortation. Paul encourages action with the use of a hortatory subjunctive, framed by a temporal clause. The syntax promotes urgency and a priority for doing good to all, especially fellow believers.

Inference Particles: ἄρα οὖν

The combination ἄρα οὖν introduces a conclusion or inference drawn from the preceding context. It can be translated as “therefore then” or simply “so then.” The double particle strengthens the logical connection.… Learn Koine Greek

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Adornment through Action: Participles and Purpose in Titus 2:10

Posted on October 2, 2021 by New Testament Greek

μὴ νοσφιζομένους, ἀλλὰ πίστιν πᾶσαν ἐνδεικνυμένους ἀγαθήν, ἵνα τὴν διδασκαλίαν τοῦ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν Θεοῦ κοσμῶσιν ἐν πᾶσιν. — Titus 2:10

The Gospel Made Visible

This verse presents a powerful vision of Christian witness—not through words, but through conduct. Addressing Christian slaves, Paul exhorts them not to steal (μὴ νοσφιζομένους) but to demonstrate faithful character (πίστιν… ἐνδεικνυμένους). The participial constructions serve as behavioral descriptors, and the purpose clause (ἵνα… κοσμῶσιν) reveals the goal: to make the teaching about God our Savior attractive in every respect.

Negative and Positive Participles

The structure is antithetical: μὴ… ἀλλὰ—“not… but.” The first participle, νοσφιζομένους (“stealing” or “embezzling”), is negated, warning against dishonest behavior.… Learn Koine Greek

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Comparative Greek Analysis: Mark 13:2 in Koine vs. Classical Greek

Posted on September 13, 2021 by Classical Greek
καὶ ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν αὐτῷ· Βλέπεις ταύτας τὰς μεγάλας οἰκοδομάς; οὐ μὴ ἀφεθῇ ὧδε λίθος ἐπὶ λίθον ὃς οὐ μὴ καταλυθῇ.

< And Jesus, having answered, said to him: Do you see these great buildings? There shall certainly not be left here one stone upon another that shall not be torn down. (Mark 13:2)

1. Structural Breakdown: Phrase-by-Phrase Parallel Commentary Phrase Koine Greek Usage Classical Greek Usage Key Insight καὶ ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν Typical Koine periphrastic participle construction: ἀποκριθεὶς (aorist passive participle) + εἶπεν (aorist active indicative). Used frequently in narrative Greek to convey action + speech. Classical authors tend to use either the finite verb alone or a simpler construction. The participle + verb combo exists, especially in Herodotus and Xenophon, but more varied in register. Koine formulaic style: common Gospel rhythm.… Learn Koine Greek
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Traveling with Purpose: Participles and Presence in Acts 21:8

Posted on August 21, 2021 by Greek Insights
τῇ δὲ ἐπαύριον ἐξελθόντες ἤλθομεν εἰς Καισάρειαν, καὶ εἰσελθόντες εἰς τὸν οἶκον Φιλίππου τοῦ εὐαγγελιστοῦ, ὄντος ἐκ τῶν ἑπτὰ, ἐμείναμεν παρ’ αὐτῷ. (Acts 21:8) From Departure to Hospitality: A Journey in Greek Grammar

This verse narrates a transition, not just of location, but of community and continuity in early church leadership. The Greek provides a rich lesson in temporal and circumstantial participles, embedded identity, and the use of historical present in narrative flow.

 

τῇ δὲ ἐπαύριον – And on the Next Day τῇ – definite article, dative singular feminine (modifying ἐπαύριον) ἐπαύριον – noun, dative singular, “next day” or “following day”

The phrase sets the temporal framework, a common device in Luke’s travel narrative.… Learn Koine Greek

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Revelation 21:8 and the Greek of Judgment and Exclusion

Posted on August 21, 2021 by Classical Greek
τοῖς δὲ δειλοῖς καὶ ἀπίστοις καὶ ἐβδελυγμένοις καὶ φονεῦσι καὶ πόρνοις καὶ φαρμακοῖς καὶ εἰδωλολάτραις καὶ πᾶσι τοῖς ψευδέσι τὸ μέρος αὐτῶν ἐν τῇ λίμνῃ τῇ καιομένῃ ἐν πυρὶ καὶ θείῳ, ὅ ἐστιν ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερος.

But for the cowardly and the unbelieving and the abominable and murderers and the sexually immoral and sorcerers and idolaters and all liars, their part will be in the lake that burns with fire and sulfur, which is the second death. (Revelation 21:8)

Cataloging Condemnation: The Structure of Exclusion τοῖς δὲ δειλοῖς καὶ ἀπίστοις καὶ ἐβδελυγμένοις… This verse begins with a dative plural list of those excluded from the New Jerusalem.… Learn Koine Greek
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Fear and Full Disclosure: Participles and Perfects in Mark 5:33

Posted on August 6, 2021 by New Testament Greek
ἡ δὲ γυνὴ φοβηθεῖσα καὶ τρέμουσα, εἰδυῖα ὃ γέγονεν ἐπ’ αὐτῇ, ἦλθε καὶ προσέπεσεν αὐτῷ καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ πᾶσαν τὴν ἀλήθειαν. (Mark 5:33) A Woman’s Confession Framed in Greek Precision

Mark 5:33 captures the pivotal moment when the woman healed by touching Jesus’ garment reveals herself. This verse is a cascade of participles, perfects, and finite verbs, narrating not only what she does but how she feels and what she knows. The Greek syntax is intensely personal, as it enfolds her inner state, her physical response, and her ultimate truth-telling into a single flowing structure.

This study will explore:

The use of perfect participles φοβηθεῖσα and εἰδυῖα to express internal state The narrative layering of finite verbs and participles The impact of πᾶσαν τὴν ἀλήθειαν in accusative totality φοβηθεῖσα καὶ τρέμουσα – A Double Portrait of Fear

The verse begins with a striking depiction of emotional and physical response.… Learn Koine Greek

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What Is Gain? Present Infinitives, Cognate Accusatives, and the Grammar of Loss and Glory

Posted on August 3, 2021 by New Testament Greek
ἀλλὰ μενοῦνγε καὶ ἡγοῦμαι πάντα ζημίαν εἶναι διὰ τὸ ὑπερέχον τῆς γνώσεως Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ κυρίου μου, δι’ ὃν τὰ πάντα ἐζημιώθην, καὶ ἡγοῦμαι σκύβαλα εἶναι ἵνα Χριστὸν κερδήσω (Philippians 3:8) Counting Loss to Gain Christ

In Philippians 3:8, Paul declares with emotional intensity and grammatical elegance that everything once considered valuable is now worthless trash — compared to knowing Christ. The Greek sentence is a flowing, layered statement of values transformed by the surpassing knowledge of Jesus.

We are invited into Paul’s spiritual economics — not through abstract prose, but through precise verbal forms, purpose clauses, and vivid idioms. The verse presents a rich study in present infinitives, perfect tense, and the repetition of ἡγοῦμαι (“I consider”), anchoring the text in deliberate, personal valuation.… Learn Koine Greek

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Recognizing the Nearness: The Kingdom at the Gates in Luke 21:31

Posted on July 31, 2021 by New Testament Greek

Luke 21:31 appears within Jesus’ “Olivet Discourse” — a prophetic and apocalyptic speech (Luke 21:5–36) where he foretells the destruction of the temple, coming tribulations, and cosmic signs. In the immediate context, Jesus has just given the parable of the fig tree (v. 29–30), illustrating that certain signs indicate the changing seasons. Verse 31 draws the theological conclusion: just as budding trees signal the approach of summer, so these unfolding events signal the imminent arrival of the kingdom of God.

Structural Analysis

οὕτω καὶ ὑμεῖς, ὅταν ἴδητε ταῦτα γινόμενα, γινώσκετε ὅτι ἐγγύς ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ.

The structure follows a clear “just as… so you…” comparison.… Learn Koine Greek

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Unity Without Burden: Apostolic Discernment and Gentile Boundaries in Acts 21:25

Posted on July 21, 2021 by New Testament Greek

This verse revisits the apostolic decree issued earlier at the Jerusalem Council (Acts 15), reaffirming the instructions for Gentile believers amidst rising tensions in Judea. Paul is returning to Jerusalem where accusations swirl about his stance on Torah observance. The elders, seeking peace, reference the previous agreement: while Jewish believers may continue to observe the law, Gentile believers are not required to do so. This single sentence encapsulates both the theological maturity and political sensitivity of the early Church.

Structural Analysis

The structure unfolds in a cause-effect form:

περὶ δὲ τῶν πεπιστευκότων ἐθνῶν ἡμεῖς ἐπεστείλαμεν κρίναντες μηδὲν τοιοῦτον τηρεῖν αὐτοὺς εἰ μὴ φυλάσσεσθαι αὐτοὺς τό τε εἰδωλόθυτον καὶ τὸ αἷμα καὶ πνικτὸν καὶ πορνείαν

The main verb ἐπεστείλαμεν (“we wrote/commanded”) is qualified by κρίναντες (“having judged/decided”), which introduces the rationale.… Learn Koine Greek

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