“τί ἐμοὶ καὶ σοί, γύναι;”: The Dative-Dative Idiom of Divine Priority in John 2:4

Posted on February 4, 2024 by New Testament Greek
Introduction: What Is This Between Us?

At the Cana wedding, Mary informs Yeshuʿ that the wine has run out. His enigmatic response begins with the phrase: τί ἐμοὶ καὶ σοί, γύναι; Literally, “What to me and to you, woman?”

This construction, grammatically known as a dative-dative idiom, has parallels in both Greek and Hebrew expressions (cf. Hebrew: מָה־לִי וָלָךְ). It often implies disassociation, a challenge of expectation, or a clarification of relational boundaries.

In this lesson, we’ll analyze the syntax, morphology, semantics, and theological import of this phrase, which sets the tone for the Johannine theology of Jesus’ “hour.”

Λέγει αὐτῇ ὁ Ἰησοῦς· τί ἐμοὶ καὶ σοί, γύναι; οὔπω ἥκει ἡ ὥρα μου.… Learn Koine Greek
Posted in Grammar, Theology | Tagged | Leave a comment

“ἦν… ἐκεῖ”: The Imperfect Tense of Presence in John 2:1

Posted on February 1, 2024 by New Testament Greek
Introduction: The Mother Was There

The clause καὶ ἦν ἡ μήτηρ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἐκεῖ appears understated, yet its grammatical structure offers insightful narrative and theological signals. The use of ἦν {ēn}, the imperfect tense of εἰμί, and the adverb ἐκεῖ {ekeī}, meaning “there,” produces a sense of continued, established presence.

This clause is not just background information—it’s a scene-setting device that positions Jesus’ mother at the center of what is about to unfold. The grammar is deliberate and loaded with narrative sensitivity.

Καὶ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ τρίτῃ γάμος ἐγένετο ἐν Κανὰ τῆς Γαλιλαίας, καὶ ἦν ἡ μήτηρ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἐκεῖ.

In this lesson, we’ll explore the verb ἦν (the imperfect active indicative of εἰμί) and how it works with ἐκεῖ (“there”) to communicate durative presence, narrative positioning, and theological resonance.… Learn Koine Greek

Posted in Grammar | Tagged , , , | Leave a comment

When Angels Speak: The Grammar of Divine Favor

Posted on January 28, 2024 by New Testament Greek
καὶ εἰσελθὼν ὁ ἄγγελος πρὸς αὐτὴν εἶπε· χαῖρε, κεχαριτωμένη· ὁ Κύριος μετὰ σοῦ· εὐλογημένη σὺ ἐν γυναιξίν. (Luke 1:28)

Gabriel’s arrival to Mariam in Luke 1:28 is not only a moment of sacred announcement — it is a moment wrapped in grammatical precision. The words are few, but their form is densely theological. Let us walk gently into this angelic sentence and attend to its grammar — not as cold analysis, but as a key to the richness of the moment.

Aorist Participle in Sacred Narrative: εἰσελθὼν

The verse opens with καὶ εἰσελθὼν — “and having entered.” This is an aorist active participle of the verb εἰσέρχομαι, masculine nominative singular, agreeing with the subject ὁ ἄγγελος.… Learn Koine Greek

Posted in Grammar, Theology | Tagged | Leave a comment

The Word on the Path: Participles, Aspect, and the Heart’s Soil in Matthew 13:19

Posted on January 19, 2024 by New Testament Greek
παντὸς ἀκούοντος τὸν λόγον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ μὴ συνιέντος, ἔρχεται ὁ πονηρὸς καὶ αἴρει τὸ ἐσπαρμένον ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ· οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ παρὰ τὴν ὁδὸν σπαρείς. (Matthew 13:19) Sowing, Hearing, and the Attack on Understanding

In Matthew 13:19, Jesus explains the first part of the parable of the sower—where the seed falls on the path and is snatched away. But the Greek is not merely explanatory; it’s strategic. It uses participles to frame human experience, perfects to show lasting condition, and presents to portray the activity of spiritual threat.

This article explores:

The genitive absolute construction παντὸς ἀκούοντος… καὶ μὴ συνιέντος The force of ἔρχεται and αἴρει as present active verbs describing evil agency The perfect participle ἐσπαρμένον and its implications The identification clause οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ… σπαρείς παντὸς ἀκούοντος… μὴ συνιέντος – The Genitive Absolute of Uncomprehending Hearing

The verse begins with a genitive absolute construction:

Grammatical Breakdown: παντὸς ἀκούοντος – genitive masculine singular, present active participle of ἀκούω, “of everyone hearing” μὴ συνιέντος – genitive masculine singular, present active participle of συνίημι, “not understanding”

This phrase sets the background condition: the parable applies to anyone who hears the word of the kingdom but does not grasp it.… Learn Koine Greek

Posted in Exegesis | Tagged | Leave a comment

Born of God: The Prepositional Theology of John 1:13

Posted on January 13, 2024 by New Testament Greek
Literary Context

The verse οἳ οὐκ ἐξ αἱμάτων, οὐδὲ ἐκ θελήματος σαρκὸς, οὐδὲ ἐκ θελήματος ἀνδρὸς, ἀλλ’ ἐκ Θεοῦ ἐγεννήθησαν (John 1:13) serves as the culminating line in a sequence beginning in John 1:12, where those who receive the Logos are given authority to become children of God. Verse 13 elaborates how this new birth happens — not through biological, volitional, or human processes, but through divine generation. It is a theological threshold in the prologue, transitioning from reception to regeneration.

Structural Analysis

The verse is constructed as a series of three negative prepositional clauses, followed by a climactic adversative clause:

οὐκ ἐξ αἱμάτων οὐδὲ ἐκ θελήματος σαρκὸς οὐδὲ ἐκ θελήματος ἀνδρὸς ἀλλ’ ἐκ Θεοῦ ἐγεννήθησαν

The repeated use of ἐκ (“out of”) focuses attention on the source of birth.… Learn Koine Greek

Posted in Grammar | Tagged | Leave a comment

Faith in Action: Grammar Illuminated in Philemon 6

Posted on January 6, 2024 by New Testament Greek
Philemon 6 ὅπως ἡ κοινωνία τῆς πίστεώς σου ἐνεργὴς γένηται ἐν ἐπιγνώσει παντὸς ἀγαθοῦ τοῦ ἐν ἡμῖν εἰς Χριστόν Ἰησοῦν.

Modern Greek Pronunciation: hópōs i koinōnía ti̱s písteōs sou energí̱s génētai en epignṓsei pantòs agathoû tou en hēmîn eis Christón Iēsoûn.

Literal English Translation: So that the fellowship of your faith may become effective in the acknowledgment of every good thing that is in us toward Christ Jesus.

Koine Greek Grammar Breakdown ὅπως – subordinating conjunction, “so that,” introducing a purpose clause. ἡ κοινωνία – nominative singular noun, “fellowship, participation.” τῆς πίστεώς σου – genitive singular noun + pronoun, “of your faith.”… Learn Koine Greek
Posted in Modern Greek | Tagged | Leave a comment

From Temple to Teaching: Grammatical Movement and Eschatological Signaling in Matthew 24:1

Posted on January 1, 2024 by Biblical Greek
Turning from the Temple: Narrative and Theological Context of Matthew 24:1

Matthew 24:1 — Καὶ ἐξελθὼν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐπορεύετο ἀπὸ τοῦ ἱεροῦ· καὶ προσῆλθον οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπιδεῖξαι αὐτῷ τὰς οἰκοδομὰς τοῦ ἱεροῦ. (“And Jesus went out and was going away from the temple; and his disciples came to show him the buildings of the temple.”)

This verse opens what is commonly referred to as the “Olivet Discourse” (Matt. 24–25), Jesus’ longest eschatological teaching in Matthew. The narrative shift marked here is not merely physical but symbolic: Jesus leaves the temple and enters into a prophetic discourse concerning its future destruction.… Learn Koine Greek

Posted in Grammar, Theology | Tagged | Leave a comment

In the Beginning, a Definite Beginning: The Grammar of Articles, Cases, and Cosmic Syntax

Posted on January 1, 2024 by Biblical Greek
ἐν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Genesis 1:1 LXX) The Opening Word: A Dative Without an Article

The phrase ἐν ἀρχῇ begins the Septuagint with a striking grammatical choice — a preposition ἐν followed by a dative singular feminine noun ἀρχῇ, meaning “beginning.” Notably, it lacks a definite article, unlike its classical counterpart ἐν τῇ ἀρχῇ which would be expected in Attic prose.

This anarthrous use opens interpretive and theological space. Grammatically, the omission likely reflects Semitic influence, mirroring the Hebrew בְּרֵאשִׁית (bəreshit), which is likewise without an article. Linguistically, it signals an absolute beginning — not just a specific, known beginning in time, but the very commencement of time itself.… Learn Koine Greek

Posted in Septuagint Greek | Leave a comment

Putting on the Character of the Chosen: Middle Voice, Imperatives, and Adornment of the Soul

Posted on December 23, 2023 by New Testament Greek
Ἐνδύσασθε οὖν, ὡς ἐκλεκτοὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἅγιοι καὶ ἠγαπημένοι, σπλάγχνα οἰκτιρμοῦ, χρηστότητα, ταπεινοφροσύνην, πρᾳότητα, μακροθυμίαν, (Colossians 3:12) Robed in Mercy: The Language of Spiritual Clothing

Colossians 3:12 calls believers to a wardrobe change — but not of outer garments. Paul uses vivid clothing language in a grammatical construction that reaches deep into the Christian soul. This verse is rich with imperatives, adjectival modifiers, and an especially meaningful use of the middle voice in Greek: Ἐνδύσασθε — “Clothe yourselves.”

We’ll explore how the grammar not only commands action but also reflects identity, drawing attention to what it means to live as God’s beloved.… Learn Koine Greek

Posted in Grammar | Tagged | Leave a comment

Perfect Participles in Heaven: The Grammar of Completion in Hebrews 12:23

Posted on December 23, 2023 by New Testament Greek

In πανηγύρει καὶ ἐκκλησίᾳ πρωτοτόκων ἐν οὐρανοῖς ἀπογεγραμμένων, καὶ κριτῇ Θεῷ πάντων, καὶ πνεύμασι δικαίων τετελειωμένων (Hebrews 12:23), we are ushered into a heavenly vision through a series of dative phrases and perfect passive participles. This is not just a list — it’s a procession of identities, described not by what they are doing, but by what has already been done to them. In Greek, the perfect participle captures action that is complete yet still effective, lingering in its result. Here, it defines the firstborn and the righteous not as people in process, but as those who have been eternally secured.… Learn Koine Greek

Posted in Grammar | Tagged | Leave a comment


  1. NT Greek Pages:
  3. 1
  4. ...
  5. 19
  6. 20
  7. 21
  8. 22
  9. 23
  10. 24
  11. 25
  12. ...
  13. 75