Mocking the King: Greek Grammar in Irony and Insult

Posted on June 15, 2018 by New Testament Greek

In this chilling moment of ironic mockery, Greek grammar reflects both formality and contempt. The verse καὶ ἤρξαντο ἀσπάζεσθαι αὐτόν· χαῖρε ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων from Mark 15:18 shows Roman soldiers mimicking royal salutation while abusing Jesus. The participle construction, middle voice, and vocative form combine to paint a scene where syntax reveals sarcasm and suffering side by side.

The Greek Text in Focus

Καὶ ἤρξαντο ἀσπάζεσθαι αὐτόν· χαῖρε ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων (Mark 15:18)

“And they began to greet him, ‘Hail, King of the Jews!’”

Grammatical Highlights ἤρξαντο — aorist indicative middle, third plural; “they began,” auxiliary to the infinitive.… Learn Koine Greek
Posted in Grammar | Tagged | Leave a comment

Echoes of Power: A Grammatical Encounter in John 18:6

Posted on June 1, 2018 by Νέα Ελληνικά
ὡς οὖν εἶπεν αὐτοῖς ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι, ἀπῆλθον εἰς τὰ ὀπίσω καὶ ἔπεσον χαμαί (John 18:6)

Modern Greek Transliteration: Os ún ípen aftÍs óti egÓ ími, apÍlthon is ta opÍso kai Épeson chamÁi

Literal English Translation: Therefore, when he said to them, “I am,” they went backward and fell to the ground.

Morphological Analysis (Koine) ὡς – Form: Conjunction; Root: ὡς; Gloss: as, when; Notes: Temporal clause introducer. οὖν – Form: Conjunction (inferential); Root: οὖν; Gloss: therefore, so then; Notes: Postpositive; links logical progression. εἶπεν – Form: Aorist active indicative 3rd person singular; Root: λέγω; Gloss: said; Parsing: simple past; Notes: Main verb of the temporal clause.… Learn Koine Greek
Posted in Modern Greek | Tagged | Leave a comment

The Angel of Fire and the Harvest of Wrath: A Greek Exegesis of Revelation 14:18

Posted on May 14, 2018 by New Testament Greek

Revelation 14:18 stands within a climactic vision of final judgment. This chapter is structured around two harvests — one possibly of the righteous (verses 14–16), and the other, beginning here, of the wicked. The verse introduces a new angel, not the Son of Man figure from verse 14, but another heavenly agent who emerges from the altar. The mention of fire and the imperative call to reap suggest a movement from intercession (symbolized by the altar in Revelation 8:3–5) to judgment.

Structural Analysis

Καὶ ἄλλος ἄγγελος ἐξῆλθεν ἐκ τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου, ἔχων ἐξουσίαν ἐπὶ τοῦ πυρός, καὶ ἐφώνησε κραυγῇ μεγάλῃ τῷ ἔχοντι τὸ δρέπανον τὸ ὀξύ λέγων· πέμψον σου τὸ δρέπανον τὸ ὀξύ καὶ τρύγησον τοὺς βότρυας τῆς ἀμπέλου τῆς γῆς, ὅτι ἤκμασεν ἡ σταφυλὴ τῆς γῆς.… Learn Koine Greek

Posted in Grammar | Tagged | Leave a comment

Hearing, Seeing, Setting: The Imperative Symphony of Ezekiel 44:5

Posted on May 4, 2018 by Biblical Greek
Καὶ εἶπεν Κύριος πρός με υἱὲ ἀνθρώπου τάξον εἰς τὴν καρδίαν σου καὶ ἰδὲ τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς σου καὶ τοῖς ὠσίν σου ἄκουε πάντα ὅσα ἐγὼ λαλῶ μετὰ σοῦ κατὰ πάντα τὰ προστάγματα οἴκου Κυρίου καὶ κατὰ πάντα τὰ νόμιμα αὐτοῦ καὶ τάξεις τὴν καρδίαν σου εἰς τὴν εἴσοδον τοῦ οἴκου κατὰ πάσας τὰς ἐξόδους αὐτοῦ ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς ἁγίοις (Ezekiel 44:5 LXX) A Verse of Triple Command

In this verse, the prophet is addressed with a striking triad of imperatives: τάξον (“set”), ἰδὲ (“see”), and ἄκουε (“listen”). These are not merely random commands; they form a deliberate rhetorical and grammatical pattern.… Learn Koine Greek

Posted in Ancient Greek, Septuagint Greek, Theology | Leave a comment

Craftsmen, Courts, and Clause Shifts: Acts 19:38 Through the Eyes of Classical and Koine Greek

Posted on May 1, 2018 by Classical Greek
Εἰ μὲν οὖν Δημήτριος καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ τεχνῖται ἔχουσι πρός τινα λόγον, ἀγοραῖοι ἄγονται καὶ ἀνθύπατοί εἰσιν· ἐγκαλείτωσαν ἀλλήλοις. (Acts 19:38)

If then Demetrios and the craftsmen with him have a matter against someone, courts are held and there are proconsuls—let them bring charges against one another.

Koine Greek Morphological Analysis εἰ – conditional particle; introduces protasis (“if”). μὲν οὖν – discourse particles; “indeed then” or “so then”; μὲν balances with implied δὲ. Δημήτριος – proper noun, nominative singular masculine; subject. καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ τεχνῖται – “and the craftsmen with him”; – οἱ: article, nominative plural masculine; – σὺν: preposition + dative; – αὐτῷ: 3rd person dative singular pronoun; – τεχνῖται: noun, nominative plural masculine.… Learn Koine Greek
Posted in Ancient Greek, Syntax | Tagged | Leave a comment

Dialogue and Persuasion: The Syntax of Sabbath Reasoning

Posted on April 18, 2018 by New Testament Greek
Διελέγετο δὲ ἐν τῇ συναγωγῇ κατὰ πᾶν σάββατον, ἔπειθέ τε Ἰουδαίους καὶ Ἕλληνας. (Acts 18:4)

And he was reasoning in the synagogue every Sabbath, and he was persuading both Jews and Greeks.

Sacred Speech in Sacred Space

In Acts 18:4, we observe Paul’s disciplined evangelistic rhythm in Corinth. Every Sabbath, he entered the synagogue not merely to preach, but to reason — to dialogue. The grammar of this verse carries the cadence of apologetic discourse and persuasive engagement. It reveals a pattern of interaction that is neither passive nor confrontational, but deeply rhetorical and structured.

Let us explore how the participle structure, imperfect tense, conjunctions, and case functions all contribute to painting this picture of faithful witness.… Learn Koine Greek

Posted in Grammar, Syntax | Tagged | Leave a comment

“The Land They Sojourned In”: Grammatical Roots of Covenant Memory in Exodus 6:4

Posted on April 6, 2018 by Biblical Greek
Καὶ ἔστησα τὴν διαθήκην μου πρὸς αὐτοὺς ὥστε δοῦναι αὐτοῖς τὴν γῆν τῶν Χαναναίων τὴν γῆν ἣν παρῳκήκασιν ἐν ᾗ καὶ παρῴκησαν ἐπ᾽ αὐτῆς (Exodus 6:4 LXX) Divine Covenant as a Grammatical Act

The verse begins with divine initiative in the perfect tense: καὶ ἔστησα τὴν διαθήκην μου πρὸς αὐτοὺς — “And I established my covenant with them”

ἔστησα: aorist active indicative of ἵστημι — “I set up, I established” The covenant is not fluid or metaphorical — it is a fixed, grounded structure in time. τὴν διαθήκην μου: “my covenant” — a legal, enduring agreement πρὸς αὐτοὺς: toward them — shows directionality and personal relationship

This is a grammatical declaration of divine will, anchoring the covenant in past action with continuing implications.… Learn Koine Greek

Posted in Septuagint Greek | Tagged | Leave a comment

Exploring Greek Expression in John 12:34

Posted on April 3, 2018 by Classical Greek
Ἀπεκρίθη αὐτῷ ὁ ὄχλος· ἡμεῖς ἠκούσαμεν ἐκ τοῦ νόμου ὅτι ὁ Χριστὸς μένει εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα, καὶ πῶς σὺ λέγεις, δεῖ ὑψωθῆναι τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου; τίς ἐστιν οὗτος ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου; (John 12:34)

The crowd answered him, “We have heard from the Law that the Anointed One remains forever; and how can you say that the Son of Man must be lifted up? Who is this Son of Man?”

Contextual Reaction vs. Doctrinal Expectation We have heard from the Law… This reflects a collective interpretation, likely drawing from texts such as Psalm 89:4 or Isaiah 9:7. The phrase ὁ Χριστὸς μένει εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα echoes a belief in the everlasting reign of the Messiah.… Learn Koine Greek
Posted in Ancient Greek | Tagged | Leave a comment

John 3:18 and the Language of Belief and Judgment

Posted on March 18, 2018 by Classical Greek
Ὁ πιστεύων εἰς αὐτὸν οὐ κρίνεται· ὁ δὲ μὴ πιστεύων ἤδη κέκριται, ὅτι μὴ πεπίστευκεν εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ μονογενοῦς υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ. (John 3:18)

The one who believes in him is not judged; but the one who does not believe has already been judged, because he has not believed in the name of the only begotten Son of God.

Present Tense with Eternal Stakes ὁ πιστεύων… οὐ κρίνεται The participle ὁ πιστεύων (present active nominative masculine singular) functions as a substantive—“the one who believes.” Present tense signals an ongoing or characteristic belief. The passive verb κρίνεται (from κρίνω) means “is judged,” with a legal or eschatological sense.… Learn Koine Greek
Posted in Ancient Greek, Theology | Tagged | Leave a comment

Grace in Grammar: The Benediction Formula in Focus

Posted on March 1, 2018 by New Testament Greek
Ἡ χάρις τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν· ἀμήν (2 Thessalonians 3:18)

“The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen.”

In this final verse of Paul’s second letter to the Thessalonians, we encounter not just a farewell, but a deeply structured benediction: Ἡ χάρις τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν· ἀμήν from 2 Thessalonians 3:18. Each component of this closing formula reflects theologically rich grammar that had become a standard pattern in early Christian correspondence. What appears formulaic is in fact grammatically potent and spiritually intentional.

Grammatical Highlights

Though concise, this benediction contains several key grammatical features worth examining:

Ἡ χάρις — nominative feminine singular noun; the subject of the implied verb (“grace”).… Learn Koine Greek
Posted in Grammar | Tagged | Leave a comment


  1. NT Greek Pages:
  3. 1
  4. ...
  5. 47
  6. 48
  7. 49
  8. 50
  9. 51
  10. 52
  11. 53
  12. ...
  13. 94