Mark 13:9 and the Greek of Warning and Witness

Posted on September 13, 2016 by New Testament Greek
Βλέπετε δὲ ὑμεῖς ἑαυτούς. παραδώσουσι γὰρ ὑμᾶς εἰς συνέδρια καὶ ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν δαρήσεσθε, καὶ ἐπὶ ἡγεμόνων καὶ βασιλέων σταθήσεσθε ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ εἰς μαρτύριον αὐτοῖς. (Mark 13:9)

But watch yourselves. For they will hand you over to councils, and in their synagogues you will be beaten, and before governors and kings you will stand because of me, as a testimony to them.

Imperative Alertness and Legal Threat Βλέπετε δὲ ὑμεῖς ἑαυτούς The present active imperative βλέπετε (“watch, be vigilant”) combined with the reflexive pronoun ἑαυτούς (“yourselves”) gives a strong warning: this is personal, not abstract. The explicit subject ὑμεῖς adds emphasis.… Learn Koine Greek
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Ambition Toward the Invisible: Participles and Purpose in 2 Corinthians 5:9

Posted on September 5, 2016 by New Testament Greek
Διὸ καὶ φιλοτιμούμεθα, εἴτε ἐνδημοῦντες εἴτε ἐκδημοῦντες, εὐάρεστοι αὐτῷ εἶναι. (2 Corinthians 5:9)

Therefore we also strive, whether at home or away, to be pleasing to Him.

Living to Please the Unseen Judge

This verse unfolds Paul’s deepest drive: the desire to be found pleasing to the Lord, whether in life or death, presence or absence. The syntax is deliberate, layered with participial motion and verb-subject dynamics that reveal a life of holy ambition grounded in eschatological accountability.

This study explores:

The middle voice nuance of φιλοτιμούμεθα as sacred ambition The syntactic pairing εἴτε ἐνδημοῦντες εἴτε ἐκδημοῦντες as a rhetorical balance The infinitival purpose clause εὐάρεστοι αὐτῷ εἶναι and its theological force φιλοτιμούμεθα – Holy Aspiration in the Middle Voice

The central verb φιλοτιμούμεθα comes from φιλοτιμέομαι, meaning “to aspire,” “to strive eagerly,” or “to consider it an honor.”… Learn Koine Greek

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Infinitives of Destiny: Divine Necessity in Mark 8:31

Posted on August 31, 2016 by Advanced Greek Grammar
Καὶ ἤρξατο διδάσκειν αὐτοὺς ὅτι δεῖ τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου πολλὰ παθεῖν, καὶ ἀποδοκιμασθῆναι ἀπὸ τῶν πρεσβυτέρων καὶ τῶν ἀρχιερέων καὶ τῶν γραμματέων, καὶ ἀποκτανθῆναι καὶ μετὰ τρεῖς ἡμέρας ἀναστῆναι· (Mark 8:31)

And he began to teach them that it is necessary for the Son of Man to suffer many things, and to be rejected by the elders and the chief priests and the scribes, and to be killed, and after three days to rise.

The Opening Verb: ἤρξατο διδάσκειν

The verbal phrase ἤρξατο διδάσκειν (“he began to teach”) is a syntactic powerhouse frequently used by Mark. The aorist middle verb ἤρξατο introduces a shift in tone and mission, marking the onset of a solemn new phase in the narrative.… Learn Koine Greek

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Greek Grammar Lesson from Romans 8:16

Posted on August 16, 2016 by New Testament Greek
Αὐτὸ τὸ Πνεῦμα συμμαρτυρεῖ τῷ πνεύματι ἡμῶν ὅτι ἐσμὲν τέκνα Θεοῦ. (Romans 8:16)

The Spirit itself bears witness with our spirit that we are children of God.

Dative of Association and Content Clause with ὅτι

This verse presents a profound theological truth through syntactical precision. It features a present active indicative verb of joint testimony, a dative of association, and a content clause that functions as the message being confirmed.

Emphatic Subject: αὐτὸ τὸ Πνεῦμα

αὐτὸ τὸ Πνεῦμα (“the Spirit itself”) is emphatically placed. The use of the neuter form with the article and pronoun intensifies the identity and action of the Holy Spirit.… Learn Koine Greek

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The Cry of the Eagle: Apocalyptic Urgency in Koine and Classical Perspective

Posted on August 13, 2016 by Classical Greek
Καὶ εἶδον καὶ ἤκουσα ἑνὸς ἀετοῦ πετομένου ἐν μεσουρανήματι, λέγοντος φωνῇ μεγάλῃ· οὐαὶ, οὐαὶ, οὐαὶ τοὺς κατοικοῦντας ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἐκ τῶν λοιπῶν φωνῶν τῆς σάλπιγγος τῶν τριῶν ἀγγέλων τῶν μελλόντων σαλπίζειν. (Revelation 8:13)

And I saw and I heard one eagle flying in midheaven, saying with a great voice: “Woe, woe, woe to those dwelling on the earth, because of the remaining blasts of the trumpet of the three angels who are about to sound.”

Koine Greek Grammar and Syntax Καὶ εἶδον καὶ ἤκουσα: Two aorist active indicatives (1st singular of ὁράω and ἀκούω). The repetition underscores sensory immediacy — John both sees and hears the vision.… Learn Koine Greek
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When He Comes: Future Conviction and the Work of the Spirit in John 16:8

Posted on August 1, 2016 by Greek Insights
Καὶ ἐλθὼν ἐκεῖνος ἐλέγξει τὸν κόσμον περὶ ἁμαρτίας καὶ περὶ δικαιοσύνης καὶ περὶ κρίσεως. (John 16:8)

And when he comes, he will convict the world concerning sin, and concerning righteousness, and concerning judgment.

The Spirit’s Mission: Conviction in Three Dimensions

John 16:8 captures a profound promise from Jesus about the coming of the Paraclete — the Holy Spirit. His role is not merely to comfort or remind, but to confront. The verse is syntactically simple, yet theologically loaded. It features a temporal aorist participle, a future active verb, and a triple prepositional phrase with the genitive. These features together structure the Spirit’s mission in the world: to expose, to convict, and to clarify what humanity misunderstands about sin, righteousness, and judgment.… Learn Koine Greek

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Placed Before the Holy: Future Imperatives and Sacred Space in Leviticus 16:7 LXX

Posted on July 16, 2016 by Biblical Greek
Καὶ λήμψεται τοὺς δύο χιμάρους καὶ στήσει αὐτοὺς ἔναντι Κυρίου παρὰ τὴν θύραν τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυρίου (Leviticus 16:7)

And he will take the two goats and he will set them before the LORD beside the door of the tent of the testimony.

A Quick Orientation

This verse stands at the heart of the Day of Atonement ritual: the priest “takes” and “sets” the two goats in a precise location. The grammar does more than narrate; it legislates. The future indicative forms function like commands, while the prepositional phrases choreograph sacred space with exactness.

Q&A with a Student of the LXX Q1.… Learn Koine Greek
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Brought In, Carried Out: Verb Morphology and Eternal Perspective

Posted on July 6, 2016 by New Testament Greek
Οὐδὲν γὰρ εἰσηνέγκαμεν εἰς τὸν κόσμον, δῆλον ὅτι οὐδὲ ἐξενεγκεῖν τι δυνάμεθα· (1 Timothy 6:7)

For we brought nothing into the world; it is clear that we are not able to carry anything out either.

Three Verbs Framing a Life Truth

This compact verse expresses a profound theological truth about human existence and material detachment, using three critical Greek verbs:

εἰσηνέγκαμεν — aorist active indicative, “we brought in” ἐξενεγκεῖν — aorist active infinitive, “to carry out” δυνάμεθα — present middle/passive indicative, “we are able”

Each verb not only serves its syntactic function but also shapes how Paul communicates the transience of material gain and the limits of human power.… Learn Koine Greek

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Matthew 27:3 in Historical Greek Expression

Posted on July 2, 2016 by New Testament Greek
Τότε ἰδὼν Ἰούδας ὁ παραδιδοὺς αὐτὸν ὅτι κατεκρίθη, μεταμεληθεὶς ἀπέστρεψε τὰ τριάκοντα ἀργύρια τοῖς ἀρχιερεῦσι καὶ πρεσβυτέροις (Matthew 27:3)

Then Judas, the one who betrayed him, seeing that he was condemned, regretted it and returned the thirty silver coins to the chief priests and elders.

Nuances in Greek Motion and Emotion ἰδὼν… ὅτι κατεκρίθη The aorist participle ἰδών (“having seen”) introduces the cause of his regret. The subordinate clause ὅτι κατεκρίθη uses the aorist passive κατεκρίθη (“he was condemned”), a forensic verb used both in Classical and Koine Greek for legal verdicts. In Plato or Lysias, it often appears in courtroom orations.… Learn Koine Greek
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Declensions in Promise: Morphology in John 16:7

Posted on July 1, 2016 by New Testament Greek
Ἀλλ’ ἐγὼ τὴν ἀλήθειαν λέγω ὑμῖν· συμφέρει ὑμῖν ἵνα ἐγὼ ἀπέλθω. ἐὰν γὰρ μὴ ἀπέλθω, ὁ παράκλητος οὐκ ἐλεύσεται πρὸς ὑμᾶς· ἐὰν δὲ πορευθῶ, πέμψω αὐτὸν πρὸς ὑμᾶς· (John 16:7)

But I tell you the truth: it is to your advantage that I go away. For if I do not go away, the Advocate will not come to you; but if I go, I will send Him to you.

Declension Analysis Table Greek Word Morphology Case & Syntactic Role Notes ἐγὼ (first occurrence) 1st person pronoun, nominative singular Subject of λέγω Emphatic position — Jesus is the speaker τὴν ἀλήθειαν Noun, accusative feminine singular with article Accusative direct object of λέγω “The truth” — object of Jesus’ declaration ὑμῖν (first occurrence) 2nd person pronoun, dative plural Dative of indirect object To whom the truth is spoken — the disciples ὑμῖν (second occurrence) 2nd person pronoun, dative plural Dative of advantage “For your benefit” — marks the recipients of advantage ἐγὼ (second occurrence) 1st person pronoun, nominative singular Subject of ἀπέλθω Stresses Jesus’ agency in departure ὁ παράκλητος Noun, nominative masculine singular with article Subject of ἐλεύσεται “The Advocate” — title for the Holy Spirit ὑμᾶς (first occurrence) 2nd person pronoun, accusative plural Accusative object of πρὸς Target of the Spirit’s coming αὐτόν 3rd person pronoun, accusative masculine singular Accusative direct object of πέμψω Refers to the Advocate — the one sent ὑμᾶς (second occurrence) 2nd person pronoun, accusative plural Accusative object of πρὸς Again marks the recipients of the Spirit’s mission The Role of Datives in Relational Theology

The repetition of ὑμῖν highlights both the intimacy and the intentionality of the promise.… Learn Koine Greek

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